I write about the administrative state, grounding it in Malcolm X’s early childhood experience of its abuses to get a sense of the stakes. In thinking about how to get its benefits but mitigate its abuses, neither a spoils system nor an all powerful chief executive are the path. Plain old liberal democracy with an independent civil service is the best approach https://www.americanpurpose.com/articles/a-bureaucrat-by-any-other-name/