One-child policies have been sucessful in China and India, disincentivising large families doesn’t need to include banning people from having kids
No, the government should encourage busineses to disperse throughout the country and build affordable housing in multiple smaller cities
Again, no. Nature can only cope with a certain amount of foot traffic, the natural areas surrounding a city will survive better with fewer people
Tokyo is over 80 miles across. It takes over an hour to drive from one side to the other on the motorway It also isn’t particularly dense; it has a lower population density than London or Madrid. It’s just big.
Going back to the original post, compare the Shire to Mordor. If you had as many hobbits as you had orcs they wouldn’t all fit in the shire (without building highrises). Their low density village centric way of life only works because there aren’t very many of them.