@chrpistorius Yes, *dʰu̯ went via /θu̯/. The change of /θ/ into /f/ is what many Dutch people do when trying to pronounce English th; in primary school, I had an English classmate called 'Maffew', haha. 😅
@jonny Proto-Germanic had the word discussed in the post below, while Latin had 'res', as in 'rēs pūblica' (the public matter/thing), which became 'republic' in English.
@jonny Thank you very much! In fact, what I do and love doing is communicating what scholars who have a much bigger track record than me researched. They wrote dictionaries of Old English, Middle English, Old High German and all the other Germanic languages, they wrote etymological dictionaries of all words in these languages, and made reconstructions of the language these descended from. These dictionaries show how the meanings of the words changed over the centuries, so ... 1/
@jonny 2/ ... what I do is put this information together and show the development.
As for your second question, the phases of English shown in the graphic roughly correspond to these periods:
Old English 7th c. - 11th c.
Middle English 11th c. - 15th c.
(- Early Modern English 15th c. - 17th c.)
The other 'Old' and 'Middle' phases are close to these periods as well.
Philippa et al. (2003-2009). Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands, Amsterdam.
Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1983–1991). Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, Madrid
ATILF (1971-now). Trésor de la language française informatisé.
The rest of the works used are simple non-etymological dictionaries in which I looked up some of the daughter words.
Below there's an infographic that I made in August of this year. It shows the history of the words that formed *matisahsan and *matizahsan and their Germanic relatives.
@arcepi Just like every other Romance language, Spanish inherited most of its words from spoken Latin. That means: the words lived on in the spoken language when it evolved from Latin.
The words in the right column were borrowed during or after the Renaissance. Spanish has many of these, but so does every Romance language.
"But what about 'horse', German 'Pferd', French 'cheval', Spanish 'caballo'?" people asked.
These words have their own histories. I'll summarise them below.
'Horse' stems from Proto-Germanic *hursan/*hrussan, which also became Dutch 'ros', German 'Ross', and Icelandic 'hross'. This Proto-Germanic word may stem from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥sós (vehicle), which also became Latin 'currus' (chariot) and - via Proto-Celtic *karros - 'carrus', whence ... 1/
3/ ... Old French, where it became 'palefrei(d)' (modern 'palefroi'). This was borrowed into English as 'palfrey'.
A last thing about Proto-Germanic: it also had *marhaz. This word doesn't have any modern descendants, but it does survive as the first part of Dutch 'maarschalk' (marshal), from West Germanic *marhaskalkaz (horse groom).
Via the Old French borrowing 'mareschal' (now 'maréchal') it became English 'marshal'.
The female counterpart, *marhijō, became English 'mare', German ... 3/
5/ ... to many different languages through trade or the adoption of cultural practices.
The same goes for Ancient Greek καβάλλης (kabállēs: "nag").
From Latin 'caballārius' (horseman), we get French 'chevalier' (knight) and Spanish 'caballero' (gentleman), and Italian 'cavallaio' (groom; horse merchant).
Lastly: 'cavalry' stems from Italian 'cavalleria' via Middle French, and 'chivalry' from its Old French counterpart 'chevalerie' (cavalry; knighthood; nobility; chivalry).