Starbound, Terraria and Planet Centauri follow the vein of Minecraft.
All Neo Geo games from the Metal Slug franchise can be finished in one sitting in any of their PC releases (Amazon Prime, GOG, Steam, etc.).
All 3 River City Girls games have pretty generous saving systems.
The Ultimate Ninja and Ultimate Ninja Storm games from the Naruto franchise, while technically being competitive games in multiplayer, all have overall pretty quick matches. Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy, Dragon Ball: Budokai Tenkaichi 2, Knight Club, Knight Club+ and One Strike also share this aspect.
Micro Mages, although potentially pretty long due to its arcade nature, can be played in short sessions due to being sold as a NES ROM, which lets players run it on emulators with save state features.
ENDLESS Space 2 might be interesting too, since it's turn-based and it automatically saves every turn, as well as having manual saves.