I would rule out drones, as yep, if they are radio controlled, you can just blast them with jamming, but guided missiles are absolutely capable of sinking a carrier. The trick is that you need a shitload of them since the carrier group has both long-range missiles and short range CIWS systems to counter those missiles. The only way you can hurt a carrier with them is if you launch a shitton of them.
Or you can actually launch ballistic missiles instead of cruise missiles. The upside is that anti-missile missiles and CIWS are not quick enough to catch them and radars can’t really see them if they are not Hamas-style homemade fireworks, but stuff like the Kinzhal. The downside is that it’s very hard to guide it in the terminal stage, so they might come very fast, but may be very inaccurate.
If Russia’s Kinzhal, or China’s DF-ZF is accurate enough to hit a carrier, that’s a big problem for the carrier. Whether it is accurate enough is a good question, since maneuvering something that is that fast is not easy, and also if you go that fast in our atmosphere, you are basically blind since the air gets turned into plasma around you (think Space Shuttle reentry). It is a hotly debated topic whether Russia’s or China’s weapons are accurate enough. OTOH, from the price of a carrier (not including the group or the planes or operation), you can build more than a thousand Kinzhals, so assuming you can launch them all, eventually it might hit something important.
Or you can also just build a diesel electric sub, get some cheap guided torps and torpedo the shit out of the carrier. There is ASW defenses of course, but Sweden has repeatedly demonstrated simulated kills on US carriers with diesel-electric subs.