This is what was used by Benjamin to fix David’s issue with his XPPen stylus. Here is the mail thread where this was discussed.
It’s nice to see it documented now. Hopefully this will extend the support of weird devices such as tablets and game controllers since it should allow user space to “fix” them.
How would I go about creating a pixel art theme for a game? I don’t want to lower the resolution of the game, as it is supposed to render the game in the native resolution and I want crisp effects and text. Currently Godot makes a single pixel of the ui a single pixel on the screen. How would one go about fixing that? UI looks...
If you are working with vector font, you can set some global settings that should help.
In Project Settings, tick Advanced Settings and then look for:
General -> Rendering -> Textures -> Canvas Textures -> Default Texture Filter: set to Nearest
General -> GUI -> Theme -> Default Theme Scale: set to the appropriate value, e.g., 4
Note that in this same panel you can set the default theme to your own. Then, as suggested, reload the project for the changes to apply.
If you are working with bitmap fonts, then yes, you have to manually scale the root Control node of all your scenes, while still enabling the texture filter to nearest. But there should be few of them hopefully.
Though, I’m not an expert, so there might be a better way.
Ah, I see. I think you might need to specify your own pre-scaled texture for those then. By creating a StyleBoxTexture, as many as needed for all the disabled/hover/normal/… effects and use those in your theme. Which is not ideal, but that’s all I have.
Otherwise, if you want to automatically scale your UI, you can have a look at the viewport suggestion from @magikmw and make an auto-loading node that does the necessary manipulations for you. Though it will scale everything, font and icon included.
There was a time where this debate was bigger. It seems the world has shifted towards architectures and tooling that does not allow dynamic linking or makes it harder. This compromise makes it easier for the maintainers of the tools / languages, but does take away choice from the user / developer. But maybe that’s not...
The main problem is that dynamic linking is hard. It is not just easier for the maintainers of the languages to ignore it, it removes an entire class of problems.
Dynamic linking does not even reliably work with C++, an “old” language with decades of tooling and experience on the matter. You get into all kind of UB when interacting with a separate DSO, especially since there are minimal verification of the ABI compatibility when loading a dynamic library. So you have to wait for a crash to be certain you got it wrong. Unless you control the compilation of your dependencies, it’s fairly hard to be certain you won’t encounter dynamic linking related issues. At which point you realize that, if the license allows it, you’re better off static linking everything, including the C++ library itself: it makes it much more predictable, you’re not forcing an additional dependency on your users and most UB are now gone (especially the one about raising exception across DSO boundaries, which can happen behind your back, unless you control the compilation of all your dependencies…).
That’s especially true if you are releasing a library where you do not know it’s runtime: it might be dynamically loaded via dlopen by a C++ binary that will load its own C++ library first, but some of your users use the version that is stuck on C++14 and your codebase is in C++23. This can be solved, by playing with LD_LIBRARY_PATH, but the application is already making use of it to load the C++ library it comes with instead of the one provided by the system (which only provides C++11 runtime), and it completely ignores the initial state of the environment variable (how could it do otherwise? It would have to guess the path to the libstdc++ is for a newer version and not the older one provided by the system). Now imagine the same issue with your own transitive dependency on top of that: it’s a nightmare.
So dynamic linking never really worked, except maybe for C when you expect a single level of dependency, all provided by the system. And even then that’s mostly thanks to C simpler ABI and runtime.
So I expect that is the main reason newer languages do not bother with dynamic linking: it introduces way too many issues. Look at your average rust program and how many version of a same dependency it loads, transitively. How would you solve that problem as to be able to load different versions when it matters but try first and foremost to load only one if possible? How would you be able to make the right call? By using semver? If nobody made any mistake why not, but you will rather be required to provide escape hatches that, much like LD_LIBRARY_PATH and LD_PRELOAD, will be misused. And by then, you only “solved” the simplest problem.
Nowadays, based on how applications are delivered on Windows and OSX, and with the advent of docker, flatpack/snap and appimage, I do not see a way back to dynamic linking anytime soon. It’s just too complicated of a problem, especially as the number of dependency grows.
I’ve used scratch to introduce kids (610) to programming. It works quite well IMO. They had a laptop with windows. I recommend a touch screen if possible, especially for younger kids. Though at 812yo that should not be as much of an issue.
I used it with the microbit from the BBC. While not required, a dedicated piece of hardware makes it much more interactive and fun, for a basic introduction. Basically, the microbit can be turned into a remote control for your characters in scratch for example.
Though, kids get fond of the ability to create pre-programmed scenes. That are not very logic intensive, more like an animated movie. And since they can add their own drawings and voice, they can get very engaged on this sole basis. So the microbit is not required at all.
Though if you want to use it, Microsoft has its own scratch for microbit that is more annoying to use IMO (you need to flash the program every time, which is not easy for younger kids that have trouble with the mouse), but it unlocks all the capabilities of the microbit for even more interactive applications. You can make them communicates through a basic protocol over 2.4GHz radio, control led strips or even robots for example (though the robots are far from cheap for what they are 😕).
Both scratch and makecode (the links mentioned above) have plenty of resources if you want to get a lab going. Personally, I would set my expectation fairly low and plan for many additional small features that kids that are really interested could implement on their own. In my experience, some kids will not be interested at all, not until they see a feature they want to interact with at least. Others will try to see what they can do by themselves, before the lab even begin. But usually, the older they get, the less likely they are to experiment by themselves and they’d rather wait for instructions. Which is a shame, but that’s how it is I guess.
Also, try to make sure they can continue their work from home. Scratch is available on many platforms (though makecode sucks on Android last time I checked) and is trivial to get up and running. That said, importing a project is another matter for kids barely familiar with computers, which is why I would distribute a document aimed at their parent to get them set up.
They are fun, especially with the motorized arms, but they are crazy expensive last I checked. There are cheaper options, for Arduino and microbit. But even those are not cheap. They run at at least $30, without the microbit or arduino, for a couple of motors, IR and ultrasonic sensor.
The reason behind kernel mode/user mode separation is to require all user-land programs to have to go through the kernel to do any modification to the system. In other words, would it not be for syscalls, the only thing a user land program could do would be to burn CPU cycles. And even then, the kernel can still preempt it any time to let other, potentially more important programs, run instead.
So if a program can harm your system from userland, it’s because the kernel allowed it, every time. Which is why we currently see a slow move toward sandboxing everything. Basically, the idea of sandboxing is to give the kernel enough information about the running program so that we can tailor which syscalls it can do and with which arguments. For example: you want to prevent an application from accessing the network? Prevent it from allocating sockets through the associated syscall.
The reason for this slow move is historical really: introducing all those protections from the get go would require a lot of development time to start with, but it had to be built unpon non-existant security layers and not break all programs in the process. CPUs were not even powerful enough to waste cycles on such concerns.
Now, to better understand user mode/kernel mode, you have to realize that there are actually more modes than this. I can only speak for the ARM architecture because it’s the one I know, but x86 has similar mechanisms. Basically, from the CPU perspective, you have several privilege levels. On x86 those are called rings, on ARM, they’re called Exception Level. On ARM, a CPU has up to four of those, EL3 to EL0. They also have names based on their purpose (inherited from ARMv7). So EL3 is firmware level, EL2 is hypervisor, EL1 is system and EL0 is user. A kernel typically run on EL2 and EL1. EL3 is reserved for the firmware/boot process to do the most basic setup, partly required by the other ELs. EL2 is called hypervisor because it allows to have several virtual EL1 (and even EL2). In other words, a kernel running at EL2 can run several other kernels at EL1: this is virtualization and how VMs are implemented. Then you have your kernel/user land separation with most of the kernel (and driver) logic running at EL1 and the user programs running at EL0.
Each level allocates resources for the sub-level (under the form of memory map, as memory maps, which do not necessarily map to RAM, are also used to talk to devices). Would a level try to access a resource (memory address) it has no rights to, an exception would be raised to the upper level, which would then decide what to do: let it through or terminate the program (the later translates to a kernel panic/BSOD when the program in question is the kernel itself or a segmentation fault/bus error for user land programs).
This mechanism is fairly easy to understand with the swap mechanism: the kernel allows your program to access some page in memory when asked through brk or mmap, used by malloc. But then, when the system is under memory pressure, and it turns out your program has not used that memory region for a little while, the kernel swaps it out. Which means your program is now forbidden from accessing this memory. When the program tries to access that memory again, the kernel is informed of the action through a exception raised (unintentionally) by your program. The kernel then swaps back the memory region from disk, allows your program to access the memory region again, and then let the program resume to a state prior to the memory access (that it will then re-attempt without even realizing).
So basically, a level is fully responsible for what a sub-level does. In theory, you could have no protection at all: EL1 (the kernel) could allow EL0 to modify all the memory EL1 has access to (again, those are memory maps, that can also map to devices, not necessarily RAM). In practice, the goal of EL1 is to let nothing through without being involved itself: the program wants to write something on the disk: syscall, wants more memory: syscall, wants to draw something on the screen: syscall, use the network: syscall, talk to another program: syscall.
But the reason is not only security. It is also, and most importantly, abstraction. For example, when talking to a USB device, a user program does not have to know the USB protocol. This is implemented once in the kernel and then userland programs can use that to deal with all the annoying stuff such as timings, buffers, interruptions and so on. So the syscalls were initially designed for that: build a library of functions all user programs can re-use without having to re-implement them, or worse, without having to deal with the specifics of every device/vendor: this is the sole responsibility of the kernel.
So there you have it: a user program cannot harm the computer without going through the kernel first. But the kernel allows it nonetheless because it was not initially designed as a security feature. The security concerns came afterward and were initially implemented with users, which are mostly enough for servers, and where root has nearly as many privileges as the kernel itself (because the kernel allows it). Those are currently being improved under the form of sandboxes, for which the work started a while ago, with every OS (and CPU architecture) having its own implementation. But we are only seeing widespread adoption by userland since fairly recently on desktop. Partly thanks to the push from smartphones where application-level privileges (to access the camera for example) were born AFAIK.
Nowadays, CPUs are powerful enough to even have security features to try to protect a userland program from itself: from buffer overflow, return address manipulation and the like. If you’re interested, I recommend you look at the concept of pointer authentication.
Glassdoor has been here for years and is one of the reference sites to evaluate and review companies, specifically their work conditions in general and salary ranges in particular. Glassdoor also operates a job board, but it doesn’t enjoy the same reputation as it’s company review service....
I feel like since Glassdoor has a job board, there is an obvious conflict of interest that cannot be solved and ultimately yields to the company review part to be mostly useless. If you browse through a few company profiles, some that offer jobs on Glassdoor (and reply to reviews) and some that do not, you will quickly see what I’m talking about.
I mean, who is going to post job offers on a board that also list your company at <4 stars with plenty of mention of “bad company culture” and “horrendous working condition”?
I also do not like how most of the would-be-intersting-info is gatekeep behind you sharing various info on your own employer. I mean, it seems to make sense on the surface, but with the above, the whole thing feels like a scam. Where both employers and employees get scammed.
How does it compare to alternatives ? Well, LinkedIn is terrible, with abysmal search function, results completely irrelevant to your profile, and the same seems to be true for recruiters seeing how often I’m proposed jobs completely outside of my skillset.
So I guess Glassdoor is a viable source of job offer, especially if you have already selected companies you’d like to work at and those companies do not have their own board. But take all reviews and comments with a huge grain of salt.
The benchmark looks off. The msvc one may be the only one vaguely reliable. I suspect clang and GCC were able to optimize the synthetic benchmark to a little more than a loop doing additions. At 96ns for 1000 iteration, you are looking at 10G iterations per seconds. Which can only be achieved by a loop of two instructions executing at 2 inst/s on a 5GHz processor. And you will not get a 5x just for removing a highly predictable branch.
So yes, std::vector leaves performance on the table, but no more than 10~15% for trivial loops that are not that uncommon but are rarely a bottleneck.
Then you have to ask yourself, is it worth it to add yet another function that can crash your program if misused just for that 10% in a situation where they might not even matter. I mean, I know, it’s c++, zero cost abstraction, yadi yada, but if you’re looking for consistent performance you should have moved away from the STL already. As this post shows, your STL vendor already has a huge impact on the performance, and there are widely available options to optimize specific cases.
So I’d rather keep the STL fairly simple. Add one function to work well with generators/iterators that have a known size if you want, but adding unchecked versions of every insertion function of every STL container is not worth it IMO.
I disagree. The question is not really “should we give programmer more power at the cost of yet another UB” but more “should we grow the API and add another UB for the select few for whom it might matter”. When you consider choices made on other parts of the STL, such as std::unordered_map, then you realize the STL is not about being the most performant things around, but rather a collection of reliable tools covering basic usage for 80% of the user base.
With that in mind, I am against adding yet another function, which has its pitfalls, for minimal benefits. Again, such a function would be made almost entirely obsolete by a safe function that works with iterators/generators of known sizes. So I see even less benefit in adding a function that will just become yet another liability down the line.
First of, especially in C, you should very carefully read the documentation of the functions you use. It then should be obvious to you you are currently misusing it on two accounts:
You are not checking for errors
You are assuming the presence of a \n that might never be there (this one leads to your unexpected behavior)
The manual tells you it will insert a \0 at the end of what it reads within the limits of the buffer. So this \0 is what you will need to look for when determining the size of the input.
If there is a \n, it will precede the \0. Just make sure the \0 is not at index 0 before trying to erase the \n. If there is no \n before the \0, you are in either of two cases (again, this is detailed in the documentation): the input is truncated (you did not read the full line, as in your unexpected behavior above) or you are reaching the end of the stream. Note that even if the stream ends with \n, you might need to issue an additional fgets to know you are at the end of the stream in which case a \0 will be placed as the first byte of your buffer.
If you really want to handle input that exceeds your initial buffer, then you need to dynamically allocate one and grow it as needed. A well behaved program will have an upper limit to the size of the input anyway (and this is why you don’t use gets). So you will need a combination of malloc/realloc and string concatenation. That means you need to learn all the pitfalls of dynamic memory allocation in C and how to use valgrind. For the string concatenation, even though strcat should be OK in your case, I’d recommend against it.
In order to use strcat properly you need to keep track of the usage of the dynamically allocated buffer by hand anyway because you want to know when you will attempt to store more bytes in the buffer than is currently allocated. And once you know the number of bytes stored in the buffer, copying over the bytes that fgets returns by hand is fairly trivial and has less pitfalls. This also circumvent one of the performance pitfall of strcat: it needs to find the \0 in the destination buffer for every call. So effectively, it can transform all by itself a trivial usecase such as yours, that one would expect to be linear in algorithmic complexity, to be of O(N^2) complexity.
On a final note: fgets does not allow you to handle binary data properly because you wont be able to tell apart a legitimate \0 coming from your input from a \0 inserted by fgets. So you will need to use fread in this case. I actually recommend using fread instead of fgets because it directly returns the number of bytes read, no need to use strlen to guess it and it makes error handling easier. Though you’ll need to add the trailing \0 yourself.
I’m like a test unitarian. Unit tests? Great. Integration tests? Awesome. End to end tests? If you’re into that kind of thing, go for it. Coverage of lines of code doesn’t matter. Coverage of critical business functions does. I think TDD can be a cult, but writing software that way for a little bit is a good training...
I tried to introduce tests to one of the team I worked at. I was somewhat successful in the end but it took some time and effort.
Basically, I made sure to work with the people interested in testing their code first. It’s good to have other people selling testing instead of being the only voice claiming testing will solve all some problems.
Then I made examples: I tried to show that testing some code, believed to be untestable, was actually not that hard.
I was also very clear that testing everything was not the end goal, but, new projects especially, should try and leverage testing. Both as a way to allow for regression testing later on and to improve the design. After all, a test often is the first user of a feature. (This was for internal libraries, I expect it would be a harder sell for GUI where the end design might come from a non programmer such as a UX designer).
At this point, It was seen as a good measure to add a regression tests for most bugs found and fixed.
Also, starting from the high level, while harder (it’s difficult to introduce reliable integration and end to end tests), usually yields benefits that are more obvious to most. People are much less nervous reworking a piece of code that has a testing harness, even if they are not in a habit of testing their code.
I did point at bugs that could have been easily prevented by a little bit of testing, without blaming anyone. Once the framework is in place and testing has already caught a couple of mistakes, it’s much harder to defend the argument that time spent testing could be better spent elsewhere. And that’s where we started to get discussions on the balance to strike between feature work and testing. It felt like a win.
It took two years to get to a point where most people would agree that testing has its uses and most new projects were making use of UT.
I was watching a video regarding design patterns and the youtuber made an example of the builder pattern… I didn’t know about the pattern(there is a reason why I was watching the videos); But I had encounter the same type of problems so what I usually did was to return null to the fields I didn’t had their data....
Contrieved examples you usually see in design pattern tutorials do not properly highlight the use case and usefulness of a specific pattern.
What you did might have been fine. You only rarely need the builder design pattern.
It’s useful when the object you want to build has a complex constructor, or several ones, or you want to more easily enforce the self consistency of the created object (some languages make it hard to share initialization code) or you want to hide some internal details (I.e., you are at an API boundary and want to be able to freely change the objects your main object is composed of).
In short, Builder is a way to have a handy interface to an object constructor. It’s nice for users of a library, or if you find yourself repeating a complex constructor invocation often, but you usually do not want to have to maintain such an interface that is, at the end of the day, mostly boilerplate code.
So ive been thinking about using godot or gdevelp but im not too sure if those are teh right ones for a beginner to use. im not sure why but i want to make a video game, i dont even have an ideas but i want to make one for some reason. once i get a better computer which will be in a few days hopefully i think i might use unity,...
I second that. You can also go a fair way without coding much. So you can learn the engine as you learn programming.
Also, look at some example projects. There are plenty, like a vampire survivor like. Try to understand the structure and add some very small feature.
There are also many resources online to get started. Don’t hesitate to create many small projects where you only try out a concept or idea. Godot is very composable once you know your way around, this will make things easier to move your learnings from one project to the next.
While not a major breakthrough in terms of computing power, it's crazy to see that CPU can have more cache than desktop PC had hard drive space in the late 90s.
Hello there, fellow programmers! I am an Aeronautical Engineering student who is doing research on Multidisciplinary Optimization (MDO) since the beginning of this year....
I second everything said here. I would add that C++ might be a better candidate in this case as translating Python's OOP and Context Management would be more easily done in C++ than rust IMO. Thought it might involve a bit of template if your code heavily rely on duck typing, and you will have to get familiar with the weird move semantic of C++. Also make sure to activate ASAN and maybe UBSAN for the development phase and have an optimized build with debug symbols to run with valgrind (this is also valid if you decide to stick with C).
But if you're already familiar in rust, pick that.
Unless you have specific platform requirements, I would avoid C for any large projects nowadays. It's OK when learning low level stuff because it's one of the languages with the fewest abstraction layers, but this aspect becomes a weakness at scale. And especially when porting from higher level languages.
Also, something not mentioned yet, do you actually need to move everything to C? It might be that the core of the logic is only a few function that you can more easily translate to C and then call from ctypes or a native module. So you get to discover C for 80% of the benefits and 20% of the hassle.
I like the idea of aggregating communities. Especially if the modding tools are powerful enough. This could lead to communities being essentially curated lists of other communities. Which is great for new users to discover new communities without being overwhelmed by the unordered list of communities on the instance.
Another feature that I'd like to see is an equivalent to the mastodon's lists, a way to aggregate communities for yourself. So that you could browse the content of communities sharing a same theme in a dedicated view.
I liked the one about music. If you've read a few partition, you'll quickly realize music writing is more guidelines than actual rules. There are different ways to represent the same sequence of notes, and the choice made by the compositor conveys meaning. It's more akin to a short story than a math formula really. And so, you cannot represent music programmatically without allowing some free-form input somewhere.
I get that LibreOffice isn't really needed on a server or Windows based enterprise; but i take it as this means RHEL is going to remove these packages from official repositories....
It looks like they are shifting their focus on lower level desktop features. And they expect flatpack to be the main way to get LibreOffice on RHEL down the line.
That makes sense IMO. Linux desktop is currently lagging behind for anything related to visual arts (design, 2D/3D arts, photo/video editing, ...) because of the lack of HDR support. And this despite the great tools available on Linux (Blender, Krita).
So if they stop supporting the LibreOffice RPM, knowing there are alternatives, to focus on such features, then why not.
udev-hid-bpf: quickstart tooling to fix your HID devices with eBPF (who-t.blogspot.com)
pixel art in a theme? [QUESTION]
How would I go about creating a pixel art theme for a game? I don’t want to lower the resolution of the game, as it is supposed to render the game in the native resolution and I want crisp effects and text. Currently Godot makes a single pixel of the ui a single pixel on the screen. How would one go about fixing that? UI looks...
How important is the option for dynamic linking (vs static linking) in the modern day?
There was a time where this debate was bigger. It seems the world has shifted towards architectures and tooling that does not allow dynamic linking or makes it harder. This compromise makes it easier for the maintainers of the tools / languages, but does take away choice from the user / developer. But maybe that’s not...
Programming for kids
I’m thinking of starting a local group for kids (8-12 yo) to learn programming using Scratch....
Why do we have two modes in cpu(user and kernel) since we still can still easily harm computer with userland programs?
I have never dug into low level things like cpu architectures etc. and decided to give it a try when I learned about cpu.land....
Opinion on Glassdoor for tech jobs?
Glassdoor has been here for years and is one of the reference sites to evaluate and review companies, specifically their work conditions in general and salary ranges in particular. Glassdoor also operates a job board, but it doesn’t enjoy the same reputation as it’s company review service....
The Little Things: The Missing Performance in std::vector (codingnest.com)
How do I handle an input thats more than the char size in c?
cross-posted from: lemm.ee/post/4890334...
How do you get your team to write tests?
I’m like a test unitarian. Unit tests? Great. Integration tests? Awesome. End to end tests? If you’re into that kind of thing, go for it. Coverage of lines of code doesn’t matter. Coverage of critical business functions does. I think TDD can be a cult, but writing software that way for a little bit is a good training...
[help]Question regarding Builder design patter.
I was watching a video regarding design patterns and the youtuber made an example of the builder pattern… I didn’t know about the pattern(there is a reason why I was watching the videos); But I had encounter the same type of problems so what I usually did was to return null to the fields I didn’t had their data....
A new build system is born (hachyderm.io)
Can’t be worse than CMake, can it.
What is the best code/engine to learn as a absolute beginner?
So ive been thinking about using godot or gdevelp but im not too sure if those are teh right ones for a beginner to use. im not sure why but i want to make a video game, i dont even have an ideas but i want to make one for some reason. once i get a better computer which will be in a few days hopefully i think i might use unity,...
AMD: EPYC "Genoa-X" CPUs With 1.1GB of L3 Cache Now Available (www.anandtech.com)
While not a major breakthrough in terms of computing power, it's crazy to see that CPU can have more cache than desktop PC had hard drive space in the late 90s.
[HELP] From Python OOP to C
Hello there, fellow programmers! I am an Aeronautical Engineering student who is doing research on Multidisciplinary Optimization (MDO) since the beginning of this year....
Lemmy needs two things to be successful
In my opinion, there are two big things holding Lemmy back right now:...
new Beehaw community icons!
hey folks, quick update to say you've probably noticed our new community icons....
awesome-falsehood: A curated list of falsehoods programmers believe in (github.com)
I saw this one a while ago but still check it when I'm doing something that seems trivial but probably has many edge-cases.
RedHat dropping support for LibreOffice (lwn.net)
I get that LibreOffice isn't really needed on a server or Windows based enterprise; but i take it as this means RHEL is going to remove these packages from official repositories....