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French chemist Antoine Lavoisier died #OTD in 1794.

He is best known for his development of the law of conservation of mass, which states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions. This principle helped to debunk the phlogiston theory, which was a prevailing theory at the time that suggested substances released a material called "phlogiston" when they burned. He also made significant contributions in understanding respiration as a form of combustion.

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Hand sketch engraving made by madamme Lavoisier in the 18th century featured in "Traité élémentaire de chimie" . Lavoisier performed his classic twelve-day experiment in 1779 which has become famous in history. First, Lavoisier heated pure mercury in a swan-necked retort over a charcoal furnace for twelve days. A red oxide of mercury was formed on the surface of the mercury in the retort. When no more red powder was formed, Lavoisier noticed that about one-fifth of the air had been used up and that the remaining gas did not support life or burning. Lavoisier called this latter gas azote. He removed the red oxide of mercury carefully and heated it in a similar retort. He obtained exactly the same volume of gas as disappeared in the last experiment. He found that the gas caused flames to burn brilliantly, and small animals were active in it as Joseph Priestley had noticed in his experiment. Finally, on mixing the two types of gas, i.e. the gas left in the first experiment, and that given out in the second experiment, he got a mixture similar to air in all respects. In his experiments Lavoisier analysed air into two constituents: the one which supports life and combustion, and is one-fifth by volume of air he called oxygen, the other four-fifths which does not he called azote. This latter gas is now called nitrogen. From the two gases he synthesised something that has the characteristics of air.

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"We must trust to nothing but facts: These are presented to us by Nature, and cannot deceive. We ought, in every instance, to submit our reasoning to the test of experiment, and never to search for truth but by the natural road of experiment and observation."
Elements of Chemistry (1790), pp. xviii.

Books by Antoine Lavoisier at PG:
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/34823

~Antoine Lavoisier (26 August 1743 – 8 May 1794)

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@gutenberg_org Making much from his ‘tax farming' activities he ended up on the guillotine.

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