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Project Gutenberg, founded in 1971, is the oldest producer and distributor of free ebooks.

According to Michael Hart (March 8, 1947 – September 6, 2011), founder of Project Gutenberg, the mission of Project Gutenberg is simple: to encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks.
This mission is, as much as possible, to encourage all those who are interested in making eBooks and helping to give them away.

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in 1609.

Shakespeare's sonnets are first published in London, perhaps illicitly, by the publisher Thomas Thorpe.

However, there are six additional sonnets that Shakespeare wrote and included in the plays Romeo and Juliet, Henry V and Love's Labour's Lost. There is also a partial sonnet found in the play Edward III. The sonnets are almost all constructed using three quatrains followed by a final couplet. The rhyme scheme is ABAB CDCD EFEF GG.

https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1041

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in 1570.

Cartographer Abraham Ortelius issues Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, the first modern atlas.

Three Latin editions of this (besides a Dutch, a French and a German edition) appeared before the end of 1572; 25 editions came out before Ortelius' death in 1598; and several others were published subsequently, for the atlas continued to be in demand till about 1612. It is often considered as the official beginning of the Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography (~1570s–1670s).

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Danish-born Norwegian writer Sigrid Undset was born in 1882.

Born in Denmark and raised in Norway, Undset had her first books of historical fiction published in 1907. She fled Norway for the United States in 1940 because of her opposition to Nazi Germany and the German invasion and occupation of Norway, but returned after World War II ended in 1945.

Books by Sigrid Undset at PG:
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"Through the pitchy darkness that was coming she saw the glimmer of another, milder sun, she smelt the scent of the herbs in the garden at the world's end."

The Mistress of Husaby (1921)

~Sigrid Undset (20 May 1882, 10 June 1949)

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@SimonRoyHughes I see your point. Just updated our post about her...

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@hallvors Done!!

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French novelist and playwright Honoré de Balzac was born in 1799.

He is best known for his magnum opus, "La Comédie Humaine", a vast collection of interlinked novels and stories that provide a detailed panorama of French society in the first half of the 19th century. The series is divided into three major parts: "Études de Mœurs", "Études Philosophiques", and "Études Analytiques".

Books by Honoré de Balzac at PG:
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"Le roman, qui veut le sentiment, le style et l’image, est la création moderne la plus immense. Il succède à la comédie qui, dans les mœurs modernes, n’est plus possible avec ses vieilles lois."

"The novel, which strives for feeling, style and image, is the most immense modern creation. It is the successor to comedy, which, in modern times, is no longer possible with its old laws."

Illusions perdues, éd. Furne, 1843, p. 309

~Honoré de Balzac (20 May 1799 – 18 August 1850)

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Austrian molecular biologist Max F. Perutz was born in 1914.

He is best known for his work on the structure of hemoglobin, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1962, sharing it with John Kendrew.

Using X-ray crystallography, Perutz was able to determine the three-dimensional structure of hemoglobin, which was a groundbreaking achievement in understanding how proteins function at the molecular level.

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“THE DYNAMITER is a hugely inventive & brilliant book, at once a political thriller, a blackly comic satire, & a female adventure”

Robert Louis Stevenson & Fanny Van de Grift Osbourne married , 19 May, 1880. In this article, Prof Penny Fielding explores the dangerous between RLS & his wife: granting female agency on the page & in life

@bookstodon

https://dangerouswomenproject.org/2017/01/06/a-dangerous-collaboration/

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@scotlit Thanks for mentioning us!

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American novelist and short story writer Nathaniel Hawthorne died in 1864.

Hawthorne's early career was marked by relative obscurity. He self-published his first work, a novel titled "Fanshawe," in 1828, but later sought to suppress it. Throughout the 1830s and 1840s, he wrote numerous short stories and sketches which were later collected in volumes such as "Twice-Told Tales" (1837, 1842).

Books by Nathaniel Hawthorne at PG:
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Cover of Mosses from an old manse by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Mosses from an Old Manse is a short story collection by Nathaniel Hawthorne, first published in 1846. The collection includes several previously published short stories, and was named in honor of The Old Manse where Hawthorne and his wife lived for the first three years of their marriage. The first edition was published in 1846. Hawthorne seems to have been paid $75 for the publication.

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"No man, for any considerable period, can wear one face to himself and another to the multitude, without finally getting bewildered as to which may be the true."

Chapter XX: The Minister in a Maze - The Scarlet Letter (1850)

~Nathaniel Hawthorne (July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864)

#books #literature

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"There is an ideal standard somewhere and only that matters and I cannot find it. Hence the aimlessness."
The Letters of T.E. Lawrence

British archaeologist, army officer, diplomat, and writer T. E. Lawrence died in 1935.

He is famously known as "Lawrence of Arabia" due to his extraordinary role in the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire during World War I.

T. E. Lawrence as a translator at PG:
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Bedouins of the Syrian Desert. (JOHN SARGENT. R.A.) Frontispiece of Syria, the Desert & the Sown Author: Gertrude Lowthian Bell Illustrator: John Singer Sargent Available at PG: https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/63731

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in 1743.

French physicist Jean-Pierre Christin published the design of a mercury thermometer using the centigrade scale with 0 representing the melting point of water and 100 its boiling point.

Available at : Annales des sciences physiques et naturelles, d'agriculture et d'industrie
By Société d'agriculture, sciences et industrie de Lyon. via @googlebooks

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In his paper Observations of two persistent degrees on a thermometer, Christin recounted his experiments showing that the melting point of ice is essentially unaffected by pressure. He also determined with remarkable precision how the boiling point of water varied as a function of atmospheric pressure. He proposed that the zero point of his temperature scale, being the boiling point, would be calibrated at the mean barometric pressure at mean sea level.

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Historical note:
1742 Anders Celsius invented the Celsius temperature scale. In its original form the scale had 0 degrees for the boiling point of water and 100 degrees for its freezing point.

1743 The scale was changed by Jean Pierre Christin so that 0 degrees is the freezing point of water and 100 degrees is its boiling point.

via @internetarchive

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Anders Celsius published his research at Abhandlungen über thermometrie, von Fahrenheit, Réaumur, Celsius, (1724, 1730-1733, 1742)
Hrsg. von A.J. von Oettingen.

Available via @internetarchive

https://archive.org/details/abhandlungenber00celsgoog

"With this in mind, I have marked a point on my thermometer on my thermometer, under which I could at all times the point of boiling water, according to which the barometer which the barometer also changed, and that in tens of parts, or granes of a Swedish geometric line. Namely:"

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English self-taught mathematician and physicist Oliver Heaviside was born in 1850.

He invented a new technique for solving differential equations, independently developed vector calculus, and rewrote Maxwell's equations in the form commonly used today. He significantly shaped the way Maxwell's equations are understood and applied in the decades following Maxwell's death. His practical experience in telegraphy provided a foundation for his later theoretical work.

Cover of Electromagnetic theory by Heaviside, Oliver, 1850-1925 Publication date 1922 Topics Electromagnetic theory, Vector analysis, Electric waves Publisher London : Benn

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@weekend_editor He made a significant contribution by providing a new interpretation of Maxwell's equations. And probably his mental issues were due to the intense dedication to his work. We should look at his legacy instead...

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"Destiny stands behind people, veiled in a veil of mystery, and in her hand she holds a quiver with a thousand events..."
Gloria Victis

Polish novelist Eliza Orzeszkowa died in 1810.

Orzeszkowa was a leading writer of the Positivism movement during foreign Partitions of Poland. In 1905, together with Henryk Sienkiewicz, she was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Books by Eliza Orzeszkowa at PG:
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Cover of Marta by Eliza Orzeszkowa

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British mathematician, logician, philosopher, & public intellectual Bertrand Russell was born in 1872.

One of Russell's most significant achievements is the co-authorship of "Principia Mathematica" (1910-1913) with Alfred North Whitehead. His works, such as "The Problems of Philosophy" (1912) & "Our Knowledge of the External World" (1914), explored issues related to knowledge, perception, & the scientific method.

Books by Bertrand Russell at PG:
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Cover of Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy by Bertrand Russell. Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy is a book (1919 first edition) by philosopher Bertrand Russell, in which the author seeks to create an accessible introduction to various topics within the foundations of mathematics. According to the preface, the book is intended for those with only limited knowledge of mathematics and no prior experience with the mathematical logic it deals with. Accordingly, it is often used in introductory philosophy of mathematics courses at institutions of higher education.

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"Physics is mathematical not because we know so much about the physical world, but because we know so little: it is only its mathematical properties that we can discover."

An Outline of Philosophy Ch.15 The Nature of our Knowledge of Physics (1927)

"The pursuit of philosophy is founded on the belief that knowledge is good, even if what is known is painful."

Philosophy for Laymen (1946)

~Bertrand Russell (1872-1955)

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“Feindre d’ignorer ce qu’on sait, de savoir tout ce que l’on ignore... voilà toute la politique.”
Le Mariage de Figaro (1778)

French polymath cha died in 1799.

He is best known for his classic plays, particularly "The Barber of Seville" and "The Marriage of Figaro," which form part of the Figaro trilogy. These works were adapted into famous operas by Gioachino Rossini and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart respectively.

Books by Pierre Beaumarchais at PG:
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Illustratiion dans l'édition originale du Mariage de Figaro de Beaumarchais

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in 1902.

Greek archaeologist Valerios Stais discovers the Antikythera mechanism, an ancient mechanical analog computer.

The mechanism is composed of at least 30 bronze gears housed in a wooden frame. It features dials, pointers, and inscriptions that correspond to various astronomical cycles. The front dial is believed to show the zodiac and the solar and lunar calendars, while the back dials include the Metonic, Saros & Callippic cycles.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism

Computer-generated back panel Tony Freeth - Original publication: The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project Immediate The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project

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in 1863.

Rosalía de Castro publishes Cantares Gallegos, the first book in the Galician language.

The book is framed between poems 1 and 36, which constitute respectively the prologue and epilogue. It also manifests a circular structure as it begins with a composition in which a young girl who is invited to sing takes the voice and ends with the same voice of the girl who apologizes for her lack of ability to sing the beauties of Galicia.

https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/59037

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