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Handbook on Early Modern European Diplomacy
published at DeGruyter:
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110672008

editors: https://scholar.social/@dorotheegoetze & https://historians.social/@LenaOetzel

#earlymodern #diplomacy #Europe & pandas of course

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11 Spanish and Portuguese Diplomacy in Early Modern Europe (1/n)

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Today do not only want to welcome a new month and a new week but also a new author: Diana Cario-Ivernizzi who is a senior lecuterer in Art History at Universidad Nacional de la Educacíon a Distancia (UNED). Her research specialises in the connection between and culture on which she has published widely.

https://www.uned.es/universidad/docentes/geografia-historia/diana-carrio-invernizzi.html

For the she takes a different approach and describes the devolpment of in and . (2/n)

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Diana Cario-Invernizzi points out that the term Spanish is an umbrella term that includes three different types of :

  1. It applies to the diplomacy carried out in the name of the Spanish crown to conduct conquest in the non-European world.

  2. It includes intra-Spanish diplomacy which is characterised by sent from various territories of the Spanish realm to meet the king.

  3. Last but not least, there is outbound diplomacy which the Spanish crown conducted with other princes and polities in Europe. (3/n)

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According to Cario-Invernizzi the fact the Iberian kingsdoms were the first European realms to connect with the rest of the world on a grand scale, gave their diplomatic policies a unique character.

Diplomatic relations with Africa and Asia required constant negotiations, and even required tributes to be paid to guarantee the security of Europe’s presence in the area.

Distance was a significant factor in Iberian . Therefore, agents were sometimes sent to cover shorter distances. Moreover, diplomatic encounters in Eurasia did not take place between entire societies but rather between segments of societies or subcultures.

This fact suggests the existence of a cross-sectional diplomatic language between European and Asian societies. (4/n)

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The most important group of to Madrid were the French ambassador, the Imperial ambassador to the Empire, the nuncio, and the Venetian ambassador.

Madrid did not have a diplomatic district. Diplomatic did enjoy immunity in the , with the king himself offering them lodgings for rent upon their arrival. Nevertheless, the ambassadors complained of the difficulties in gaining an audience with the ruler.

Following the union of the Portuguese and Spanish crowns in 1580, a global dimension of Spanish was developed which enhanced the reputation of the Spanish kings. (5/n)

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According to Cario-Ivernizzi Spanish historiography continues to suffer from a lack of discourse surrounding its cultural history in general and with literary studies in particular, this is also reflected in new diplomatic .

However, historians specialised in Spanish continue to take steps forward in the field, not only with regard to the exchange of gifts but also gradually incorporating the analytical category of gender.

The career paths of Spanish & Portguese have gained more attention in research only recently.

By placing more of a focus on integrating the activities of both official ambassadors and informal agents into diplomatic studies in the future, we will be able to obtain a more complete understanding of Spanish and European diplomacy in the era. (6/6)

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10 Jean-Claude Waquet: Continuous Change, Final Discontinuities: the Development of French Diplomacy (1/6)

https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110672008-010

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Today we want to introduce the next author of the : Jean-Claude Waquet. He is Directeur d’études émérite, Section des sciences historiques et philologiques, at the École pratique des hautes études. He published extensively on , e.g. François de Callières. L’art de négocier en France sous Louis XIV.
So who could be better to talk about the development of . (2/6)

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He argues that continuously changed over the centuries, which can be seen as a sign of modernisation.
While was originally regarded as part of a more general service to the king, it slowly developed into a more specialised field of activity. From this the need to a much more profecient education of arose. (3/6)

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However, these changes were not introduced against, but within the existing system, often by those in charge. Therefore, elements of a more professionalised system co-existed with patronage relations. Waquet argues that we should speak of “a gradual internal transformation rather than of a permanent conflict between old and new”. (4/6)

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was a multilingual affair. An who could speak several languages had a clear advantage - not the least because he could thereby show equal respect to different parties, as this example by @dbellingradt shows. (1/2)


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https://historians.social/@dbellingradt/112330521983176515

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If you want to know more about languages and , have a look at the article by Sophie Holm. (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110672008-032) (2/2)

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9 John Condren/Loek Luiten: City-States, Principalities and All That: The Diversity of Italian Diplomacy (c. 1400–c. 1800) (1/10)

https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110672008-009

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John Condren and Loek Luiten, take us to which is often described as the birthplace of . (2/10)

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John Condren is assistant professor at the university of Nottingham. He is an expert in 17th and 18th century Italian . In his PhD thesis he looked at the role of the duchies of the Po plain within the context of Louis XIV foreign policy. We’re eagerly awaiting its publication which is due this summer! (3/10)

https://www.routledge.com/Louis-XIV-and-the-Peace-of-Europe-French-Diplomacy-in-Northern-Italy-1659---1701/Condren/p/book/9780367691875

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Loek Luiten focusses on Italian from the other end of time making them both the perfect match! Luiten has done his PhD Oxford University on the Farnese Family in the 15th century. We can recommend his article “Friends and family, fruit and fish: the gift in Quattrocento Farnese cultural politics”. What a great title! (4/11)

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/rest.12401

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Together Condren & Luiten accepted the challenge to give an overview on Italian ! This is a great task indeed, as Italy consisted on a great variety of different political entities: duchies, princely composite states, the possessions of foreign monarchs and city-republics of different size and influence, meaning that Italy was itself “a hive of diplomatic activity”. (5/11)

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In the first part, Condren and Luiten describe the structures and evolution of Italian until the late 15th/early 16th century, arguing that the different political entities developed at different paces and in varying ways.
For the republics of Venice and Genoa for example mercantile and commercial interests played a crucial role which shaped the way envoys to foreign courts were chosen. (6/11)

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In general, there were a number of very different actors involved in : Mercenaries, merchants, mendicant friars, notaries, and bishops. They all had their different ways of doing and it was a slow process of merging these different traditions that took place during the 15th century. (7/11)

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In a second step, Condren and Luiten discuss how the different Italian diplomatic actors were integrated in the developing European diplomatic system from the 16th century up to the Napoleonic Wars. As their role and their political status changed over time, they had to adapt their practices. (8/11)

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Historiography has traditionally looked at Italian from the 16th century onwards from the perspective of the great European powers, especially France and the Habsburgs, and how they tried to realize their geopolitical interests on the Italian peninsula. However, it is important to realize that from an Italian perspective the different Italian princes and republics not only needed to maintain their interests within the bigger picture of , but they also needed to exchange diplomats among themselves. (9/11)

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Studying Italian is so rich of case studies that we could have several separate articles – and we indeed have a special article on papal diplomacy. (10/11)

https://hcommons.social/@emdiplomacy/112282172305903370

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Moreover, Italian allows us to study so many different things in a nutshell: the development of diplomatic practices and the merging of different traditions, the connection between and state building, the role and agency of political entities of different status and how they tried to maintain their position within the power struggle of the great European powers. (11/11)

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8 Alexander Koller: Representing Spiritual and Secular Interests: The Development of Papal Diplomacy (1/)

https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110672008-008

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Koller concludes that papal displayed a high degree of systematic order and efficiency.
For understanding in general papal diplomacy is key, as it was so advanced and prominent in international relations. (6/6)

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The , aka the Big Pink Book, finally found its way to its wonderful authors. So we asked them to sent us pictures of its new home.
Under we take you on a journey to all the places where research takes places.
If you spot the handbook in the wild, please post pictures, too! (1x)

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From Sweden the travels to Norway, to the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs.

Picture by Halvard Leira

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