I’ve tested the Beta of Ubuntu 24.04 and during the installation it bailed out as well which I’ve never seen before.
Normally the installation disk has Try and Install mode. If you go for the Try mode and then choose install you should be able to navigate to the log files and check the contents which can give you an idea of what went wrong.
There’s other flavors of Ubuntu, like Lubuntu, Xubuntu, Kubuntu, Edubuntu. Try one of them and see whether the same error happens. After you would successfully install for example Xubuntu you can use apt to install the ubuntu-desktop package which is a meta package which will install the default GNOME of Ubuntu. Then proceed to remove the XFCE4 packages and you’re done.