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Project Gutenberg, founded in 1971, is the oldest producer and distributor of free ebooks.

According to Michael Hart (March 8, 1947 – September 6, 2011), founder of Project Gutenberg, the mission of Project Gutenberg is simple: to encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks.
This mission is, as much as possible, to encourage all those who are interested in making eBooks and helping to give them away.

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"Ceux qui vivent d’amour, vivent d’éternité."

Belgian poet and art critic Émile Verhaeren was born in 1855.

Verhaeren's early work was heavily influenced by the Symbolist movement, which sought to express the unseen forces and emotions behind everyday experiences through symbolic imagery and metaphor. "Les Flamandes" (1883) is his first major collection, depicting the life and customs of Flemish people.

Books by Émile Verhaeren at PG:
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Cover of James Ensor by Emile Verhaeren

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"Each time we make a choice, we pay
With courage to behold the restless day,
And count it fair."

in 1932.

Bad weather forces Amelia Earhart to land in a pasture in Derry, Northern Ireland, and she thereby becomes the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. She then received the United States Distinguished Flying Cross.

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"The finest minds, like the finest metals, dissolve the easiest."

English poet, translator, and satirist Alexander Pope was born in 1688.

He is considered one of the most prominent English poets of the early 18th century. An exponent of Augustan literature, Pope is best known for his satirical and discursive poetry including The Rape of the Lock, The Dunciad, and An Essay on Criticism, and for his translations of Homer.

Alexander Pope at PG:
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Frontispiece to the Essay on Man, designed by Pope to represent the vanity of human glory. The Works of Alexander Pope, Volume 2 (of 10) by Alexander Pope Table of Contents AN ESSAY ON CRITICISM. APPENDIX. THE COMMENTARY AND NOTES OF W. WARBURTON ON THE ESSAY ON CRITICISM. RAPE OF THE LOCK. ELEGY TO THE MEMORY OF AN UNFORTUNATE LADY. ELOISA TO ABELARD. AN ESSAY ON MAN. THE ARGUMENT. THE UNIVERSAL PRAYER. APPENDIX. NOTES on "An Essay on Man". NOTES OF W. WARBURTON ON THE UNIVERSAL PRAYER. FOOTNOTES.

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American activist and author Jane Addams died in 1935.

Addams co-founded Hull House, one of America's most famous settlement houses, in Chicago, Illinois, providing extensive social services to poor, largely immigrant families. In 1910, Addams was awarded an honorary Master of Arts degree from Yale University, becoming the first woman to receive an honorary degree from the school.

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Title page of Newer ideals of peace by Jane Addams

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French mathematician and engineer Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis was born in 1792.

He is best known for his work on the supplementary forces that are detected in a rotating frame of reference, leading to the Coriolis effect. He was the first to apply the term "work" for the transfer of energy by a force acting through a distance, and he prefixed the factor ½ to Leibniz's concept of vis viva, thus specifying today's kinetic energy.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolis_force

Sur les équations du mouvement relatif des systèmes de corps Auteur :Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis (1792-1843) Auteur de l'analyse :Alexandre Moatti - Ingénieur en chef des mines, docteur en histoire des sciences, Directeur de la publication de science.gouv.fr Publication : Deux articles : 1) « Mémoire sur le principe des forces vives dans les mouvements relatifs des machines », Journal de l’École polytechnique, v. XIII, cahier XXI (1832), p. 268-302 (Lu à l’Académie des sciences le 6 juin 1831 ) ; 2) « Mémoire sur les équations du mouvement relatif des systèmes de corps », Journal de l’École polytechnique, 24° cahier, XV, cahier XXIV, p. 142-154. Année de publication : 1835 Nombre de Pages : 48 Résumé : En deux articles de 1831 et 1835, Coriolis met en évidence la notion de « force d’entraînement » et de « forces centrifuges composées » ; ces dernières prendront le nom de force de Coriolis, permettant d’expliquer les phénomènes les plus divers de rotation d’un repère par rapport à un autre (pendule de Foucault, mouvements des masses d’air et d’eau à la surface du globe, etc.). Source de la numérisation : BnF/Gallica

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in 1609.

Shakespeare's sonnets are first published in London, perhaps illicitly, by the publisher Thomas Thorpe.

However, there are six additional sonnets that Shakespeare wrote and included in the plays Romeo and Juliet, Henry V and Love's Labour's Lost. There is also a partial sonnet found in the play Edward III. The sonnets are almost all constructed using three quatrains followed by a final couplet. The rhyme scheme is ABAB CDCD EFEF GG.

https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1041

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#OTD in 1570.

Cartographer Abraham Ortelius issues Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, the first modern atlas.

Three Latin editions of this (besides a Dutch, a French and a German edition) appeared before the end of 1572; 25 editions came out before Ortelius' death in 1598; and several others were published subsequently, for the atlas continued to be in demand till about 1612. It is often considered as the official beginning of the Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography (~1570s–1670s).

#cartography

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Danish-born Norwegian writer Sigrid Undset was born in 1882.

Born in Denmark and raised in Norway, Undset had her first books of historical fiction published in 1907. She fled Norway for the United States in 1940 because of her opposition to Nazi Germany and the German invasion and occupation of Norway, but returned after World War II ended in 1945.

Books by Sigrid Undset at PG:
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"Through the pitchy darkness that was coming she saw the glimmer of another, milder sun, she smelt the scent of the herbs in the garden at the world's end."

The Mistress of Husaby (1921)

~Sigrid Undset (20 May 1882, 10 June 1949)

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@SimonRoyHughes I see your point. Just updated our post about her...

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@hallvors Done!!

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French novelist and playwright Honoré de Balzac was born in 1799.

He is best known for his magnum opus, "La Comédie Humaine", a vast collection of interlinked novels and stories that provide a detailed panorama of French society in the first half of the 19th century. The series is divided into three major parts: "Études de Mœurs", "Études Philosophiques", and "Études Analytiques".

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"Le roman, qui veut le sentiment, le style et l’image, est la création moderne la plus immense. Il succède à la comédie qui, dans les mœurs modernes, n’est plus possible avec ses vieilles lois."

"The novel, which strives for feeling, style and image, is the most immense modern creation. It is the successor to comedy, which, in modern times, is no longer possible with its old laws."

Illusions perdues, éd. Furne, 1843, p. 309

~Honoré de Balzac (20 May 1799 – 18 August 1850)

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Austrian molecular biologist Max F. Perutz was born in 1914.

He is best known for his work on the structure of hemoglobin, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1962, sharing it with John Kendrew.

Using X-ray crystallography, Perutz was able to determine the three-dimensional structure of hemoglobin, which was a groundbreaking achievement in understanding how proteins function at the molecular level.

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“THE DYNAMITER is a hugely inventive & brilliant book, at once a political thriller, a blackly comic satire, & a female adventure”

Robert Louis Stevenson & Fanny Van de Grift Osbourne married , 19 May, 1880. In this article, Prof Penny Fielding explores the dangerous between RLS & his wife: granting female agency on the page & in life

@bookstodon

https://dangerouswomenproject.org/2017/01/06/a-dangerous-collaboration/

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@scotlit Thanks for mentioning us!

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American novelist and short story writer Nathaniel Hawthorne died in 1864.

Hawthorne's early career was marked by relative obscurity. He self-published his first work, a novel titled "Fanshawe," in 1828, but later sought to suppress it. Throughout the 1830s and 1840s, he wrote numerous short stories and sketches which were later collected in volumes such as "Twice-Told Tales" (1837, 1842).

Books by Nathaniel Hawthorne at PG:
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Cover of Mosses from an old manse by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Mosses from an Old Manse is a short story collection by Nathaniel Hawthorne, first published in 1846. The collection includes several previously published short stories, and was named in honor of The Old Manse where Hawthorne and his wife lived for the first three years of their marriage. The first edition was published in 1846. Hawthorne seems to have been paid $75 for the publication.

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"No man, for any considerable period, can wear one face to himself and another to the multitude, without finally getting bewildered as to which may be the true."

Chapter XX: The Minister in a Maze - The Scarlet Letter (1850)

~Nathaniel Hawthorne (July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864)

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"There is an ideal standard somewhere and only that matters and I cannot find it. Hence the aimlessness."
The Letters of T.E. Lawrence

British archaeologist, army officer, diplomat, and writer T. E. Lawrence died in 1935.

He is famously known as "Lawrence of Arabia" due to his extraordinary role in the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire during World War I.

T. E. Lawrence as a translator at PG:
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Bedouins of the Syrian Desert. (JOHN SARGENT. R.A.) Frontispiece of Syria, the Desert & the Sown Author: Gertrude Lowthian Bell Illustrator: John Singer Sargent Available at PG: https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/63731

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in 1743.

French physicist Jean-Pierre Christin published the design of a mercury thermometer using the centigrade scale with 0 representing the melting point of water and 100 its boiling point.

Available at : Annales des sciences physiques et naturelles, d'agriculture et d'industrie
By Société d'agriculture, sciences et industrie de Lyon. via @googlebooks

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In his paper Observations of two persistent degrees on a thermometer, Christin recounted his experiments showing that the melting point of ice is essentially unaffected by pressure. He also determined with remarkable precision how the boiling point of water varied as a function of atmospheric pressure. He proposed that the zero point of his temperature scale, being the boiling point, would be calibrated at the mean barometric pressure at mean sea level.

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Historical note:
1742 Anders Celsius invented the Celsius temperature scale. In its original form the scale had 0 degrees for the boiling point of water and 100 degrees for its freezing point.

1743 The scale was changed by Jean Pierre Christin so that 0 degrees is the freezing point of water and 100 degrees is its boiling point.

via @internetarchive

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Anders Celsius published his research at Abhandlungen über thermometrie, von Fahrenheit, Réaumur, Celsius, (1724, 1730-1733, 1742)
Hrsg. von A.J. von Oettingen.

Available via @internetarchive

https://archive.org/details/abhandlungenber00celsgoog

"With this in mind, I have marked a point on my thermometer on my thermometer, under which I could at all times the point of boiling water, according to which the barometer which the barometer also changed, and that in tens of parts, or granes of a Swedish geometric line. Namely:"

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English self-taught mathematician and physicist Oliver Heaviside was born in 1850.

He invented a new technique for solving differential equations, independently developed vector calculus, and rewrote Maxwell's equations in the form commonly used today. He significantly shaped the way Maxwell's equations are understood and applied in the decades following Maxwell's death. His practical experience in telegraphy provided a foundation for his later theoretical work.

Cover of Electromagnetic theory by Heaviside, Oliver, 1850-1925 Publication date 1922 Topics Electromagnetic theory, Vector analysis, Electric waves Publisher London : Benn

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@weekend_editor He made a significant contribution by providing a new interpretation of Maxwell's equations. And probably his mental issues were due to the intense dedication to his work. We should look at his legacy instead...

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"Destiny stands behind people, veiled in a veil of mystery, and in her hand she holds a quiver with a thousand events..."
Gloria Victis

Polish novelist Eliza Orzeszkowa died in 1810.

Orzeszkowa was a leading writer of the Positivism movement during foreign Partitions of Poland. In 1905, together with Henryk Sienkiewicz, she was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Books by Eliza Orzeszkowa at PG:
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Cover of Marta by Eliza Orzeszkowa

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