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Project Gutenberg, founded in 1971, is the oldest producer and distributor of free ebooks.

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English essayist, poet, playwright Joseph Addison was born #OTD in 1672.

In 1711, he co-founded "The Spectator" with Steele. Unlike their earlier venture, "The Tatler," which Steele had begun in 1709, "The Spectator" was more focused and systematic. His plays, such as "Cato, a Tragedy" (1713), also left a mark on English literature, influencing figures such as Voltaire and George Washington.

Books by Joseph Addison at PG:
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#books #literature #poetry #theatre

Cover of The Tatler, Volume 2 by Sir Richard Steele and Joseph Addison. Edited with Introduction & Notes by George A. Aitken Author of "The Life of Richard Steele," &c. Vol. II New York Hadley & Mathews 156 Fifth Avenue London: Duckworth & Co. 1899

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"Is there not some chosen curse,
Some hidden thunder in the stores of heaven,
Red with uncommon wrath, to blast the man
Who owes his greatness to his country's ruin?"

Cato, A Tragedy (1713), Act I, scene i.

~Joseph Addison (May 1 1672 – June 17 1719)

#books #literature #poetry #theatre

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Brazilian writer José de Alencar was born #OTD in 1829.

He is considered to be one of the most famous and influential Brazilian Romantic novelists of the 19th century, and a major exponent of the literary tradition known as "Indianism". Some of his most celebrated works include: "O Guarani" (1857), "Iracema" (1865), "Senhora" (1875), "Ubirajara" (1874), "Til" (1871).

Books by José de Alencar at PG:
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Cover of the first edition of O Guarani, Brazilian romance, by José de Alencar

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"Verdes mares bravios de minha terra natal, onde canta a jandaia nas frondes da carnaúba; verdes mares, que brilhais como líquida esmeralda aos raios do sol nascente, perlongando as alvas praias ensombradas de coqueiros."
Iracema

"Green wild seas of my native land, where the jandaia sings in the fronds of the carnauba tree; green seas, which shine like liquid emerald in the rays of the rising sun, stretching along the white beaches overshadowed by coconut palms."

~José de Alencar

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#OTD in 1901.

Publication of Maurice Maeterlinck's The Life of the Bee in Belgium.

He infuses his observations of bees with reflections on human society, mortality, and the universe, using the hive as a metaphor for human society. The book discusses various aspects of bee life, including the architecture of the hive, the life cycle of the bees, their social organization, and their production of honey.

https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/38527

https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4511

#books #literature

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#OTD in 1920.

F. Scott Fitzgerald's short story "Bernice Bobs Her Hair" appears in the Saturday Evening Post and on the magazine's cover, illustrated by artist Norman Rockwell. It was Fitzgerald's first short story to achieve national prominence. The original publication featured interior illustrations by May Wilson Preston. The work later appeared in the September 1920 short story collection Flappers and Philosophers published by Charles Scribner's Sons.

https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4368

#books

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Swiss mathematician Johann Jakob Balmer was born #OTD in 1825.

Balmer is most renowned for his discovery of the Balmer series, a formula used to predict the wavelengths of visible light emitted by hydrogen. In 1885, he was interested in the spectral lines of hydrogen observed in the sun's spectrum. He then proposed an empirical formula to predict the wavelengths of the visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmer_series

#books #science #physics

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Canadian writer Mary MacLane was born #OTD in 1881.

"The Story of Mary MacLane," was published in 1902 when she was just 19 years old. Following the success of her first book, MacLane wrote two more books, "My Friend Annabel Lee" (1903) and "I, Mary MacLane" (1917), which, while still exhibiting her distinctive style and introspective approach, did not achieve the same level of critical or commercial success as her debut.

Books by Mary MacLane at PG:
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Cover of The Story of Mary MacLane by Mary MacLane By Herself Published by CHICAGO HERBERT S. STONE AND COMPANY MCMII

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Spanish neuroscientist Santiago Ramón y Cajal was born in 1852.

His most significant contribution to science was his work on the structure of the nervous system. Through meticulous microscopic observations, he proposed that the nervous system is made up of "neurons". His drawings highlighted the complex arborizations of these cells, effectively mapping various parts of the brain & spinal cord, demonstrating the directional flow of nerve impulses in neurons.

Three drawings by Santiago Ramon y Cajal, taken from the book "Comparative study of the sensory areas of the human cortex", pages 314, 361, and 363. Left: Nissl-stained visual cortex of a human adult. Middle: Nissl-stained motor cortex of a human adult. Right: Golgi-stained cortex of a 1 1/2 month old infant. Related images Micrograph of the visual cortex.

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French writer Anna de Noailles died in 1933.

Some of her notable poetic works include "Le Cœur innombrable" (The Uncountable Heart, 1901), "L'Ombre des jours" (The Shadow of Days, 1902), and "Les Éblouissements" (The Dazzlements, 1907). Her salon in Paris was a gathering place for many of the leading intellectual and artistic figures of her time, including Marcel Proust, Colette, and Jean Cocteau, among others.

Books by Anna de Noailles at PG:
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Cover of the book COMTESSE MATHIEU DE NOAILLES La Domination — ROMAN — Pyrrhus ne pouvait être heureux ni avant ni après avoir conquis le monde. Pascal. PARIS CALMANN-LÉVY, ÉDITEURS 3, RUE AUBER, 3

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"J’écris pour que le jour où je ne serai plus
On sache comme l’air et le plaisir m’ont plu,
Et que mon livre porte à la foule future
Comme j’aimais la vie et l’heureuse nature."

"I write so that the day I am no more
People will know how the air and the pleasure pleased me,
And that my book will tell the future crowd
How I loved life and happy nature."

L’Ombre des jours, éd. Calmann-Lévy, 1902, chap. VI, p. 169

~Anna de Noailles (15 November 1876 – 30 April 1933)

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Danish novelist, poet, and scientist Jens Peter Jacobsen died in 1885.

His literary career is highlighted by his two major novels: "Niels Lyhne" (1880) and "Fru Marie Grubbe" (1876). "Niels Lyhne" is an autobiographical novel that follows the life of its eponymous hero, who struggles with faith and existential doubt in a seemingly indifferent world.

Books by Jens Peter Jacobsen at PG:
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Cover of Niels Lyhne by J. P. Jacobsen Translator: Hanna Astrup Larsen NEW YORK THE AMERICAN-SCANDINAVIAN FOUNDATION LONDON: HUMPHREY MILFORD OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1919

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"Break the ice, or draw that which lives in the dimness out into the full light of speech - what happens is the same: that which is now seen and now grasped is not, in its clearness, the shadowy thing that was."

Niels Lyhne

~Jens Peter Jacobsen (7 April 1847 – 30 April 1885)

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"The burning soul, the burden'd mind,
In books alone companions find."

American writer and editor Sarah Josepha Hale died in 1879.

She initially gained recognition with the publication of her novel "Northwood: Life North and South" (1827), which addressed the issue of slavery in America. Under her leadership, the magazine "Godey's Lady's Book" became one of the most influential women's magazines in America.

Books by Sarah Josepha Hale at PG:
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Cover and frontispice of Frontispiece of the second edition of Northwood: Life North and South by Sarah Josepha Hale

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English sociologist, economist, feminist and social reformer Beatrice Webb died in 1943.

Some of her key works, often co-authored with her husband, include The History of Trade Unionism (1894) and Industrial Democracy (1897). One of her most significant research endeavors was her study of the British poor, which resulted in the seminal work The Poor Law Report of 1909.

Books by Beatrice Webb at PG:
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Cover of The History of Trade Unionism by Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb (Revised edition extended to 1920). LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO. 39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON FOURTH AVENUE & 30TH STREET, NEW YORK BOMBAY, CALCUTTA, AND MADRAS 1920

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"I never visualised labour as separate men and women of different sorts and kinds…labour was an abstraction, which seemed to denote an arithmetically calculable mass of human beings, each individual a repetition of the other."

My Apprenticeship (1926) ch. 1

~Beatrice Webb (22 January 1858 – 30 April 1943)

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#OTD in 1905. Albert Einstein completes his doctoral thesis at the University of Zurich.

Titled "Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen", he calculated the size of sugar molecules in solution and from this a value for the Avogadro constant. It is related to his work on Brownian motion, published in the same year, and supported the atomic hypothesis, which was still controversial among leading physicists at the time.

Books by Albert Einstein at PG:
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#books #physics

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@spaetz very true, thanks for the clarification!

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#OTD in 1897.

J. J. Thomson of the Cavendish Laboratory announces his discovery of the electron as a subatomic particle, over 1,800 times smaller than a proton (in the atomic nucleus), at a lecture at the Royal Institution in London.

Thomson showed that cathode rays were composed of previously unknown negatively charged particles (now called electrons), which he calculated must have bodies much smaller than atoms and a very large charge-to-mass ratio.

https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/38322

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The cathode ray tube by which J. J. Thomson demonstrated that cathode rays could be deflected by a magnetic field, and that their negative charge was not a separate phenomenon JJ Thomson - Philosophical Magazine, 44, 293 (1897)

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in 1859.

Charles Dickens's weekly magazine All the Year Round is published for the first time in London, succeeding Household Words and containing the first serial installment of his historical novel A Tale of Two Cities. Five weeks later, Dickens terminated Household Words, publishing its last issue with a prospectus for his new journal.

A Tale of Two Cities at PG:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Year_Round

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French mathematician and physicist Henri Poincaré was born in 1854.

He is considered one of the founders of the field of topology. He was among the first to present the Lorentz transformations, part of the groundwork for Albert Einstein’s theory of special relativity. Poincaré also studied the behavior of planetary orbits and contributed to the three-body problem in celestial mechanics, exploring the stability and motion of celestial bodies.

Couverture du livre "La science et l’hypothèse" de Henri Poincaré Henri Poincaré, Ernest Flammarion éditeur .

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"To doubt everything or to believe everything are two equally convenient solutions; both dispense with the necessity of reflection."

Science and Hypothesis (1901)

Books by Henri Poincaré at PG:
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~Henri Poincaré (29 April 1854 – 17 July 1912)

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“Quand la politique est devenue une science des mots, tout est perdu.”
Jean Sbogar

French author and librarian Charles Nodier was born in 1780.

He introduced a younger generation of Romanticists to the conte fantastique, gothic literature & vampire tales. His dream related writings influenced the later works of Gérard de Nerval. He is often considered a precursor to authors such as Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas.

Books by Charles Nodier at PG:
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Cover of The Book Collector by Charles Nodier.

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"He was born with a gift of laughter and a sense that the world was mad. And that was all his patrimony."
Scaramouche (1921) bk. 1, ch. 1

Italian writer of romance and adventure novels Rafael Sabatini was born in 1875.

He is best known for his worldwide bestsellers: The Sea Hawk (1915), Scaramouche (1921), Captain Blood (a.k.a. Captain Blood: His Odyssey) (1922), and Bellarion the Fortunate (1926).

Books by Rafael Sabatini at PG:
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Cover of Cover of the 1922 edition of Captain Blood. Image of the book "Captain Blood" cover showing a pirate ship sailing on the high seas, a classic adventure tale.

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