Then, for each service you’re hosting on that server, do a search for:
Service/Program name + STIG/Benchmark
There’s tons of work already done by the vendors in conjunction with the DoD (and CIS) to create lists of potential vulnerable settings that can be corrected before deploying the server.
Along with this, you can usually find scripts and/or Ansible playbooks that will do most of the hardening for you. Though it’s a good Idea to understand what you do and do not need done.
Check out online resources such as the Nist cyber stuff.
Basic things include disabling unnecessary services, disabling password authentication, setting up and verifying the firewall, configuring selinux and so on.
That’s why “availability” is a core tenet of security (according to some cybersecurity course I took). It is easy to prevent unauthorized access to data if you have no requirements on authorized access.
Ubuntu has a set of scripts you can run to harden a new server (not advisable on a server that has already been configured for something). You need an Ubuntu Pro subscription to access them but you can get a free trial and then cancel it after you've finished.
I did this process for a customer recently and it was pretty straightforward and much much more thorough (over 100 configuration changes) than just tweaking SSH and fail2ban.
I expect other commercially-oriented distros offer something similar.
Also, move ssh to a different, higher port. Since ssh isn’t exactly for noobs, changing the port is easy enough to work with and that alone already reduces port scans and what not
I recently setup Guacamole (Web based VNC/RDP/SSH) with totp and was able to close external SSH access. Now everything I run can sit behind a single reverse proxy, no extra ports.
SSH - change port, disable root login, disable password login, setup SSH keys using SK(YubiKey in my case)
nftables - I use github.com/etkaar/nftm to keep things quick and simple. I like the fact if will convert DNS entries to IPs. I then just use dynamic DNS update clients on all my endpoints
WireGuard for access to services other than SSH(in some cases port 443 will be open if its a web server or proxy)
rsyslog to forward auth logs to my central syslog server
That does not do much in practice. When a user is compromised a simple alias put in the .bashrc can compromise the sudo password.
Explicitly limit the user accounts that can login so that accidentally no test or service account with temporary credentials can login via ssh is the better recommendation.
I think the point is that root is a universal user found on all linux systems where as users have all kinds of names. It narrows down the variables to brute-force, so simply removing the ability to use it means they have to guess a username and a password.
Security by obscurity is no security. Use something like fail2ban to prevent brute force. When you use a secure password and or key this also does not matter much.
Moving ports does help. It is not a sure thing but when used in conjunction with other security mechanism can help get rid the of the low hanging fruit of scriptkiddies and automated scans.
But scriptkiddies and automated scans are not a security threat. If they were a legitimate threat to your server, you have bigger problems.
All it does is reduce log chatter.
Anyone actually wanting in would port scan, then try and connect to each port, and quickly identify an SSH port
Imagine that the xz exploit actually made it into your server, so your sshd was vulnerable. Having it on another port does seem helpful then. In fact i sometimes think of putting mine on a random secret address in the middle of a /64 ipv6 range, but I haven’t done that yet.
it occurs to me, the xz exploit and similar is a good reason not to run the latest software. It affected Debian Sid but not the stable releases. I’m glad I only run the stable ones.
Just have 2 ipv4 assigned to your server. Have 1 for all your services, and run ssh on the other allowing root login with the password “admin”.
A random ipv6 in the same subnet as your server is just obscurity.
The XZ exploit would be functionally similar to allowing root login using the password “admin”.
Would doing that on a different port be secure? No? Then a different port is not security, it’s obscurity.
Obscurity is just going to trip you up at some point and reduce log chatter.
And yes, running LTSB/stable is a sensible choice for servers.
The XZ backdoor was not exploited so it is hard to say what would of been effective.
The important thing to note is changing the defaults on systems. Defaults are bad because it makes it easy to take over a large number of systems easily. Even right now there are bots testing common ports for weaknesses.
Maybe I’m missing something but how is the host ip known? The server has a maybe-known range of addresses, but I don’t announce which address has an sshd listening. There are 2**64 addresses in the range, so scanning in 1 second doesn’t sound feasible.
I’ve never seen an attack that scans all ports. Normally it just checks open ports and then tries common credentials and exploits. If that fails it moves on to the next IP.
Changing the default port on SSH probably isn’t going to do much as SSH is already pretty secure. However it is a good rule of thumb to change the defaults.
It defends against the lowest level of automation. And if that is a legit threat in your model, you are going to have a bad time.
It’s just going to trip you up at some point
Still does nothing when scanning the entire ipv4 address space achievable so quickly. You can also use services like shodan to find vulnerable services on any ports.
Use SSH keys, stay upgraded. Make management services (SSH, RDP, admin services) accessible only via VPN (WireGuard). Only expose 80 and 443 to the internet, if necessary.
Firewall and deciding on an entry point for system administration is a big consideration.
Generating a strong unique password helps immensely. A password manager can help with this.
If this is hosting services reducing open ports with something like Nginx Proxy Manager or equivalent. Tailscale and equivalent(wire guard, wireguard-easy, headscale, net bird, and net maker) are also options.
Getting https right. It’s not such a big deal if all the services are internal. However, it’s not hard to create an internal certificate authority and create certs for services.
If you have server on a VPS. Firewall is again your primary defense. However, if you expose something like ssh fail2ban can help ban ips that make repeated attempts to login to your system. This isn’t some drop in replacement for proper ssh configuration. You should be using key login and secure your ssh configuration away from password logins.
It also helps if you are using something like a proxy for services to setup a filter list. NPM for example allows you to outright deny connection attempts from specific IP ranges. Or just deny everything and allow specific public IPs.
Also, if you are using something like proxmox. Remember to configure your services for least privileges. Basically the idea being just giving a service what it needs to operate and no more. This can encompass service user/group names for file access ect.
All these steps add up to pretty good security if you constantly assess.
Even basic steps in here like turning on the firewall and only opening ports your services need help immensely.
The biggest thing is to change the defaults and to limit access. Unless your are the target of a nation state the attacks against your network will be automated.
So, no. SSH can’t do 2FA? I would need to set up Authelia and connect through that? I already use ssh keys instead of passwords to connect to my server
Ah, so it the asks for the TOTP provided by Authelia? I misunderstood, sorry. That’s pretty cool. Do you maybe still have the guide you used to set that up?
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