@ntha@hydrian@blu256 That's great! In Java I'm using dedicated validation classes, then declaring the SQL statements as constants in its own package with placeholders when needed, and then service classes which use the PreparedStatement interface. These are finally called by the servlets, and the data is passed to .JSP views. There's a bit more going on (I have some extra interfaces and factories), but that's the gist of it. Going minimal is great for experimenting and getting a better grasp!