petersuber, If #predatory #journals are very low in quality, dishonest, or both (my quick and dirty def), then the category covers both #subscription and #OA journals. Their defining condition is independent of their open/closed status.
To see this, it helps to point out non-OA examples now and then.
See the reporting from #RetractionWatch on the Journal of Electronic Imaging.
https://retractionwatch.com/2023/06/20/deplorable-imaging-journal-to-retract-nearly-80-papers-for-compromised-peer-review/