@yvanspijk@toot.community
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yvanspijk

@yvanspijk@toot.community

DJO-in ['ʤowɪn]

Historisch taalkundige, dialectoloog, leraar NT2, redacteur, auteur bij Onze Taal

Historical linguist, dialectologist, Dutch teacher, editor, writer

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yvanspijk, to random
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Sometimes you lend something which is then returned in an unrecognisable state.

That's what happened to reborrowings, words that traveled to another language and then back to the originating language in a different form and with a different meaning.

Two images, eight examples:

image/png

yvanspijk, to random
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The endings of the future tense in many Romance languages look suspiciously like the forms of the verb meaning 'to have' in these languages:

  • French 'ils finiront' (they'll finish) & 'ils ont' (they have)
  • Spanish 'harás' (you'll do) & 'has' (you have)
  • Italian 'darò' (I'll give) & 'ho' (I have)

Well, that's actually what they are!

Here's how this future tense originated:

yvanspijk, to random
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In het Jeugdjournaal gebruikt een meisje het vragend bijwoord 'hoezo' in een afhankelijke vraagzin:

'Dus hoezo gaat Prime dan eruit?'

  • 'Omdat daar veel meer in zit dan in andere energiedrankjes.'
    'Aha! Ja, dan snap ik wel hoezo 't weggaat.'

Benieuwd of we dat vaker gaan horen!

Uitleg:
'Hoezo' is ontstaan als zelfstandig zinnetje ('Hoe (komt dat) zo?') en ontwikkelt zich tot volwaardig vraagwoord.

Stap 1, die allang achter de rug is, zien we in zin 1 van het meisje hierboven.

Stap 2 ... 1/

yvanspijk,
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2/ ... die we nu horen in zinnen als 'Ik snap hoezo [bijzin]', zal nog lang niet voor iedereen grammaticaal voelen.

Zinsbouwtechnisch kan het eigenlijk al sinds stap 1: een vraagwoord kan altijd zowel in zelfstandige vraagzinnen (stap 1) als afhankelijke vraagzinnen (stap 2) gebruikt worden: 'Waarom doe je dat?' en 'Ik weet waarom je dat doet'. Dus wat we hier nu bij de jeugd zien, is de verwachte ontwikkeling.

yvanspijk, to random
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Just because two words look alike and have a similar meaning doesn't mean they're etymologically related.

There has to be a common ancestor.

For example, 'much' looks like Spanish 'mucho', yet they stem from *mekilaz and 'multum' respectively.

Here are twelve pairs of false cognates:

yvanspijk, to random
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The words 'cherries', 'peas', 'skates', and 'assets' used to be singular forms.

However, they were reanalysed as plurals because they sounded like plurals. New singulars were created by removing the -s.

This linguistic phenomenon is called back-formation.

Here's how it went:

yvanspijk,
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@RL_Dane The original skates were ice skates, the meaning Dutch 'schaats' still has, 'rolschaats' being roller skates. So yeah, ice skates are pretty old. ^^

yvanspijk, to random
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After 2500 years, by utter coincidence, the second person plural pronoun in certain dialects of English is back at square one:
'yous' just happens to sound nearly identical to its Proto-Germanic ancestor *jūz.

Click the video to hear how after many wanderings it got there:

video/mp4

yvanspijk, to random
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Deze eerste dag van augustus is een goed moment om bij uitzondering mijn recentste stuk in Onze Taal te delen: 'Oogst en augustus'.

yvanspijk, to random
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'Grammar' and 'glamour' have the same origin: Old French 'gramaire'.

This word was borrowed into Middle English and Middle Scots. In the latter language, it became 'glamour'.

Its meaning evolved from "study of occult things" via "magic" and "charm" to "beauty".

Here's more:

yvanspijk, to random
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'Tot' is etymologisch dubbel.

Het komt van het Oudnederlandse 'tuote':
'te' is een verzwakte vorm van 'tuo', de voorloper van 'toe'.

In 'tot ... toe' zit dat zelfs drie keer!

I.c.m. 'daar', 'hier' en 'er' wordt 'tot' weer 'toe':

  • Er is besloten tot X.
  • Daar is toe besloten.
yvanspijk, to random
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The word 'naughty' was derived from 'naught', which in Middle English not only meant "nothing" but also "not" and "evil".

'Naughty' used to mean "evil; wicked", which became "mischievous; cheeky".

'Naught' is the ancestor of 'not' and contains the word 'wight'.

Here's more:

yvanspijk,
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@fiee Yes, like [χ] as in German 'Nacht' after a and u, and like [x] as in German 'och' or [ç] as in German 'nicht' after i.

yvanspijk, to random
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The words 'vanilla' and 'pencil' stem from derivations of the Latin words 'vāgīna' and 'pēnis'.

However, they've never had anything to do with the anatomical sense of these words.

Click the image to see how the forms and meanings of 'vanilla' and 'pencil' came to be:

yvanspijk, to random
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The words 'galaxy' and 'latte' are etymologically related.

'Galaxy' stems from Ancient Greek 'Galaxíās' (Milky Way), from 'gála' (milk), which has the same ancestor as Italian 'latte' (milk).

The Milky Way was named after its milky glowing band in the night sky.

Here's more:

yvanspijk, to random
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'Fashion' has the same origin as 'faction'.

Both words stem from Latin 'factiōnem' and were exported by the French.

However, 'fashion' comes from Old Norman 'façon', which had come to mean "manner; form", while 'faction' derives from the written Latin form.

Here's more:

yvanspijk, to random
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'Rich' stems from a Celtic word meaning "king".

This word, *rīxs, a cousin of Latin 'rēx', was first borrowed into Germanic.

Next, an adjective meaning "powerful; wealthy" was derived from it. It was this word that eventually became 'rich'.

Click the image to learn more:

yvanspijk,
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@marcas Thank you so much! ^^

yvanspijk, to random
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The Proto-Germanic word *gahlaibōn, "someone you share your bread with", was borrowed into Latin in a special way: its parts were translated individually.

The result was 'compāniō'. This became 'copain' and 'compagnon' in French and then 'companion' in English.

Here's more:

yvanspijk, to random
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Tussendoortaalweetje:

We schrijven de slot-n daar waar hij van oudsher hoort ('rijden', 'open', 'zaken', 'gouden') - behalve in verkleinwoorden!

Ja, ooit was het 'meisjen', 'bedjen' en 'straatjen'.

Toen de -n nauwelijks nog werd uitgesproken, werd hij in verkleinwoorden
niet meer gespeld, maar in woorden als 'rijden', 'open', 'zaken' en 'gouden' bleef hij gehandhaafd - en let wel: niet omdat hij daarin langer uitgesproken bleef of zo.

Daarmee komen we bij de onbenulligheid van ... 1/

yvanspijk,
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2/ .... spellinguitspraak: wie geforceerd slot-n'en voorleest die niet in zijn of haar eigen Nederlands klinken, zorgt voor een anachronistische mix van de huidige uitspraak met oude slot-n'en en dan alleen dát deel daarvan dat we nu toevallig nog schrijven, want de slot-n van het verkleinwoord is in de vergetelheid geraakt.

yvanspijk,
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@philipdutre Daar is zeker een verband, maar andersom: er zijn dialecten die de slot-n in verkleinwoorden behouden hebben, en dat zijn toevallig in veel gevallen dialecten waarin -ken niet is verandering in of vervangen door die Nederlandse achtervoegsels.

yvanspijk, to random
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In the Early Middle Ages, the ancestor of French borrowed many words from Old Frankish, a Germanic language spoken by the elite of the Frankish Empire.

When this elite adopted the Romance language, it got their name: 'françois', now 'français': French.

Here are some of the borrowings:

yvanspijk,
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@oranger2020 @linguistics @tract_linguistes That's a different story: French underwent many sound changes - which had nothing to do with foreign influences - and these ultimately led to words sounding the same.

yvanspijk, to random
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The Romance words for 'apple' seem to differ quite a bit.

Take for instance French 'pomme', Italian 'mela', Spanish 'manzana', Portuguese 'maçã', and Romanian 'măr'.

These words stem from three Latin words, two of which are closely related.

Here's their history:

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