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Hypatia (born c. 350–370; died 415 AD) was a Neoplatonist philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician who lived in Alexandria, Egypt.
She was a prominent thinker in Alexandria where she taught philosophy and astronomy. Hypatia constructed astrolabes and hydrometers, but did not invent either of these, which were both in use long before she was born. In March 415 AD, she was murdered by a mob of Christians led by a lector named Peter.
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Frontispiece and title page to John Toland's anti-Catholic tract Hypatia: Or the History of a most beautiful, most vertuous, most learned, and every way accomplish’d Lady, published 1720, republished 1753. The eighteenth-century English Deist scholar John Toland used Hypatia's death as the basis for an anti-Catholic polemic, in which he changed the details of her murder and introduced new elements not found in any of his sources in order to portray Cyril in the worst possible light.
Hypatia is known to have edited at least Book III of Ptolemy's Almagest, which supported the geocentric model of the universe shown in this diagram. The scheme of the aforementioned division of spheres. · The empyrean (fiery) heaven, dwelling of God and of all the selected · 10 Tenth heaven, first cause · 9 Ninth heaven, crystalline · 8 Eighth heaven of the firmament · 7 Heaven of Saturn · 6 Jupiter · 5 Mars · 4 Sun · 3 Venus · 2 Mercury · 1 Moon
"Death of the philosopher Hypatia, in Alexandria". This illustration is from the book Vies des savants illustres, depuis l'antiquité jusqu'au dix-neuvième siècle , by Louis Figuier, originally published in 1866. However, the image earlier appeared in the journal Le Voleur Illustre, number 475, 7 December 1865.
