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Project Gutenberg, founded in 1971, is the oldest producer and distributor of free ebooks.

According to Michael Hart (March 8, 1947 – September 6, 2011), founder of Project Gutenberg, the mission of Project Gutenberg is simple: to encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks.
This mission is, as much as possible, to encourage all those who are interested in making eBooks and helping to give them away.

This profile is from a federated server and may be incomplete. Browse more on the original instance.

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Danish-born Norwegian writer Sigrid Undset was born in 1882.

Born in Denmark and raised in Norway, Undset had her first books of historical fiction published in 1907. She fled Norway for the United States in 1940 because of her opposition to Nazi Germany and the German invasion and occupation of Norway, but returned after World War II ended in 1945.

Books by Sigrid Undset at PG:
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/35742

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French novelist and playwright Honoré de Balzac was born in 1799.

He is best known for his magnum opus, "La Comédie Humaine", a vast collection of interlinked novels and stories that provide a detailed panorama of French society in the first half of the 19th century. The series is divided into three major parts: "Études de Mœurs", "Études Philosophiques", and "Études Analytiques".

Books by Honoré de Balzac at PG:
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/251

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in 1609.

Shakespeare's sonnets are first published in London, perhaps illicitly, by the publisher Thomas Thorpe.

However, there are six additional sonnets that Shakespeare wrote and included in the plays Romeo and Juliet, Henry V and Love's Labour's Lost. There is also a partial sonnet found in the play Edward III. The sonnets are almost all constructed using three quatrains followed by a final couplet. The rhyme scheme is ABAB CDCD EFEF GG.

https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1041

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Austrian molecular biologist Max F. Perutz was born in 1914.

He is best known for his work on the structure of hemoglobin, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1962, sharing it with John Kendrew.

Using X-ray crystallography, Perutz was able to determine the three-dimensional structure of hemoglobin, which was a groundbreaking achievement in understanding how proteins function at the molecular level.

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American novelist and short story writer Nathaniel Hawthorne died in 1864.

Hawthorne's early career was marked by relative obscurity. He self-published his first work, a novel titled "Fanshawe," in 1828, but later sought to suppress it. Throughout the 1830s and 1840s, he wrote numerous short stories and sketches which were later collected in volumes such as "Twice-Told Tales" (1837, 1842).

Books by Nathaniel Hawthorne at PG:
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Cover of Mosses from an old manse by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Mosses from an Old Manse is a short story collection by Nathaniel Hawthorne, first published in 1846. The collection includes several previously published short stories, and was named in honor of The Old Manse where Hawthorne and his wife lived for the first three years of their marriage. The first edition was published in 1846. Hawthorne seems to have been paid $75 for the publication.

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in 1743.

French physicist Jean-Pierre Christin published the design of a mercury thermometer using the centigrade scale with 0 representing the melting point of water and 100 its boiling point.

Available at : Annales des sciences physiques et naturelles, d'agriculture et d'industrie
By Société d'agriculture, sciences et industrie de Lyon. via @googlebooks

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"There is an ideal standard somewhere and only that matters and I cannot find it. Hence the aimlessness."
The Letters of T.E. Lawrence

British archaeologist, army officer, diplomat, and writer T. E. Lawrence died in 1935.

He is famously known as "Lawrence of Arabia" due to his extraordinary role in the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire during World War I.

T. E. Lawrence as a translator at PG:
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65161

Bedouins of the Syrian Desert. (JOHN SARGENT. R.A.) Frontispiece of Syria, the Desert & the Sown Author: Gertrude Lowthian Bell Illustrator: John Singer Sargent Available at PG: https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/63731

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English self-taught mathematician and physicist Oliver Heaviside was born #OTD in 1850.

He invented a new technique for solving differential equations, independently developed vector calculus, and rewrote Maxwell's equations in the form commonly used today. He significantly shaped the way Maxwell's equations are understood and applied in the decades following Maxwell's death. His practical experience in telegraphy provided a foundation for his later theoretical work.

#books #science #physics

Cover of Electromagnetic theory by Heaviside, Oliver, 1850-1925 Publication date 1922 Topics Electromagnetic theory, Vector analysis, Electric waves Publisher London : Benn

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British mathematician, logician, philosopher, & public intellectual Bertrand Russell was born in 1872.

One of Russell's most significant achievements is the co-authorship of "Principia Mathematica" (1910-1913) with Alfred North Whitehead. His works, such as "The Problems of Philosophy" (1912) & "Our Knowledge of the External World" (1914), explored issues related to knowledge, perception, & the scientific method.

Books by Bertrand Russell at PG:
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Cover of Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy by Bertrand Russell. Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy is a book (1919 first edition) by philosopher Bertrand Russell, in which the author seeks to create an accessible introduction to various topics within the foundations of mathematics. According to the preface, the book is intended for those with only limited knowledge of mathematics and no prior experience with the mathematical logic it deals with. Accordingly, it is often used in introductory philosophy of mathematics courses at institutions of higher education.

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"Destiny stands behind people, veiled in a veil of mystery, and in her hand she holds a quiver with a thousand events..."
Gloria Victis

Polish novelist Eliza Orzeszkowa died in 1810.

Orzeszkowa was a leading writer of the Positivism movement during foreign Partitions of Poland. In 1905, together with Henryk Sienkiewicz, she was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Books by Eliza Orzeszkowa at PG:
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Cover of Marta by Eliza Orzeszkowa

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#OTD in 1902.

Greek archaeologist Valerios Stais discovers the Antikythera mechanism, an ancient mechanical analog computer.

The mechanism is composed of at least 30 bronze gears housed in a wooden frame. It features dials, pointers, and inscriptions that correspond to various astronomical cycles. The front dial is believed to show the zodiac and the solar and lunar calendars, while the back dials include the Metonic, Saros & Callippic cycles.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism

#astronomy #archeology

Computer-generated back panel Tony Freeth - Original publication: The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project Immediate The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project

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French composer and pianist Erik Satie was born #OTD in 1866.

In the 1880s he began composing works, mostly for solo piano, such as his Gymnopédies and Gnossiennes. He is known for his unconventional and innovative approach to music. He is often considered a precursor to movements such as minimalism, surrealism, and the avant-garde. Satie's work was influential to many 20th-century composers, including Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel.

https://www.cpdl.org/wiki/index.php/Erik_Satie

#art #music

Satie Gymnopedie No. 3 for piano solo

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in 1900.

The first copies of the children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum were printed by the George M. Hill Company.

During the subsequent decades after the novel's publication in 1900, it received little critical analysis from scholars of children's literature. This lack of interest stemmed from the scholars' misgivings about fantasy, as well as to their belief that lengthy series had little literary merit.

https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/43936

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in 1863.

Rosalía de Castro publishes Cantares Gallegos, the first book in the Galician language.

The book is framed between poems 1 and 36, which constitute respectively the prologue and epilogue. It also manifests a circular structure as it begins with a composition in which a young girl who is invited to sing takes the voice and ends with the same voice of the girl who apologizes for her lack of ability to sing the beauties of Galicia.

https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/59037

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in 1888.

Nikola Tesla delivers a lecture describing the equipment which will allow efficient generation and use of alternating currents to transmit electric power over long distances.

Experiments with alternate currents of very high frequency and their application to methods of artificial illumination. By Nikola Tesla

https://teslasciencecenter.org/announcements/experiments-with-alternate-currents-of-very-high-frequency-and-their-application-to-methods-of-artificial-illumination-by-nikola-tesla/

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in 1916.

Natsume Sōseki's novel Light and Darkness (明暗, Mei An) begins to be serialized in the Tokyo and Osaka editions of the newspaper Asahi Shimbun, but will remain unfinished at the author's death on December 9, aged 49.

Works by Natsume Sōseki at PG:
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British poet Felicia Dorothea Hemans died in 1835.

Some of her most famous poems include "Casabianca," which begins with the memorable line "The boy stood on the burning deck," and "The Homes of England," which celebrates the virtues of home and family. Hemans also wrote historical and romantic poetry, drawing inspiration from literature, history, and mythology.

Books by or about Felicia Hemans at PG:
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"If I can stop one heart from breaking,
I shall not live in vain;
If I can ease one life the aching,
Or cool one pain,
Or help one fainting robin
Unto his nest again,
I shall not live in vain."
Life, p. 6 - Collected Poems (1993)

American lyric poet Emily Dickinson died in 1888. Although she wrote 1789 poems, only a few of them were published in her lifetime, all anonymously, and some perhaps without her knowledge.

Emily Dickinson at PG:
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/996

Cover of the first edition of Poems, published in 1890

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Dutch poet, literary critic, & essayist Albert Verwey was born in 1865.

Verwey was a central figure in the Dutch literary movement known as the Tachtigers, which sought to revolutionize Dutch poetry by emphasizing individualism, emotion, and innovative language and form. The Tachtigers rejected the conventional poetic styles & themes of their time, advocating for a more personal and introspective approach to poetry.

Books by Albert Verwey at PG:
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/38843

Cover of Holland en de oorlog by Albert Verwey

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in 1618.

Johannes Kepler confirms his previously rejected discovery of the third law of planetary motion (he first discovered it on March 8 but soon rejected the idea after some initial calculations were made).

The elliptical orbits of planets were indicated by calculations of the orbit of Mars. The third law expresses that the farther a planet is from the Sun, the slower its orbital speed, and vice versa.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion

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Scottish astronomer Williamina Paton Stevens Fleming was born in 1857.

Fleming's most significant contributions came in the field of stellar classification. She developed a system for classifying stars based on their spectra, which became known as the Harvard Classification Scheme. In 1890, she published the first catalog of stellar spectra, which contained over 10,000 stars classified according to her system.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classification#Harvard_spectral_classification

Harvard Computers working in a room in the new brick building, built in 1892. According to the information of a calendar shown in the image, this photo taken in March 1898. Williamina Fleming is standing. Immediatly in front of her are Evelyn Leland (back row center) and Ida E. Woods to the right. The rest are unknown, but the woman closest to the camera could be Annie Jump Cannon. This description is based on http://heawww.harvard.edu/~fine/Observatory/eleland.html#ComputersBrickBuilding Photo credit: UAV 630.271 (E4116), olvwork432388. Harvard University Archives.

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German composer and pianist Fanny Mendelssohn died in 1847.

Among Fanny´s most celebrated works are her piano compositions, including "Das Jahr", and her collection of songs, which are noted for their sensitivity and intimacy. Despite facing challenges as a female composer, Fanny's musical talents were widely recognized within her family circle, and she played a significant role in shaping her brother Felix's musical development.

https://www.cpdl.org/wiki/index.php/Fanny_Hensel

Beginning of April from the sutie 'Das Jahr', music by Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel, artwork by Wilhelm Hensel.
Fanny Hensel: January, composition from the piano cycle The Year, autograph with a vignette of her husband Wilhelm Hensel, written after the trip to Italy in 1839/40

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in 1925.

Virginia Woolf's novel Mrs Dalloway is published by the Hogarth Press in Bloomsbury, London.

The working title of Mrs Dalloway was The Hours. The novel originated from 2 short stories, "Mrs Dalloway in Bond Street" & the unfinished "The Prime Minister". In autumn 1922, Woolf began to think of the "Mrs. Dalloway" short story as the first chapter of her new novel, and she completed the manuscript in late autumn 1924.

Mrs. Dalloway at PG:
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/71865

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French illustrator, etcher, lithographer, caricaturist, and novelist Albert Robida was born in 1848.

One of Robida's most significant contributions to literature and art was his pioneering work in the genre of science fiction. He was a visionary artist who imagined futuristic worlds filled with advanced technology, air travel, space exploration, and other innovations that were ahead of his time.

Books by Albert Robida at PG:
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1043

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Brazilian novelist & journalist Lima Barreto was born in 1881.

His literary career began in the early 20th century, and he is best known for novels such as "Triste Fim de Policarpo Quaresma" - a bitter satire of the first years of the República Velha in Brazil, was published in 1911. Despite facing difficulties & setbacks during his lifetime (alcoholism and mental health issues), he continued to write until his death.

Books by Lima Barreto at PG
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Cover page of Triste Fim de Polycarpo Quaresma by Lima Barreto

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