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Project Gutenberg, founded in 1971, is the oldest producer and distributor of free ebooks.

According to Michael Hart (March 8, 1947 – September 6, 2011), founder of Project Gutenberg, the mission of Project Gutenberg is simple: to encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks.
This mission is, as much as possible, to encourage all those who are interested in making eBooks and helping to give them away.

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American writer, literary critic and journalist Edmund Wilson was born in 1895.

Over his career, he contributed to numerous periodicals and his essays and reviews are often credited with influencing public and scholarly opinion on many subjects. Wilson was the author of more than twenty books, including Axel's Castle, Patriotic Gore, and Memoirs of Hecate County. He was a friend F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, and John Dos Passos.

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“She dies from never having experienced a love of her own volition.”

German writer Margarete Böhme was born #OTD in 1867.

She is best known for her controversial and highly successful novel, "Tagebuch einer Verlorenen", first published in 1905. It purportedly tells the true story of Thymian, a young woman forced by circumstance into a life of prostitution. A movie was made based on this book (Tabea, stehe auf! 1922).

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#books #literature

Cover of "Tagebuch einer Verlorenen" edition 1907.

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@kolya Thanks for sharing!

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in 1794.

Branded a traitor during the Reign of Terror, French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, who was also a tax collector with the Ferme générale, is tried, convicted and guillotined in one day in Paris.

The day after Lavoisier's execution, the great mathematician Louis de Lagrange commented: "It only took them a moment to knock that head off, and perhaps a hundred years won't be enough to reproduce a similar one".

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French chemist Antoine Lavoisier died in 1794.

He is best known for his development of the law of conservation of mass, which states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions. This principle helped to debunk the phlogiston theory, which was a prevailing theory at the time that suggested substances released a material called "phlogiston" when they burned. He also made significant contributions in understanding respiration as a form of combustion.

Hand sketch engraving made by madamme Lavoisier in the 18th century featured in "Traité élémentaire de chimie" . Lavoisier performed his classic twelve-day experiment in 1779 which has become famous in history. First, Lavoisier heated pure mercury in a swan-necked retort over a charcoal furnace for twelve days. A red oxide of mercury was formed on the surface of the mercury in the retort. When no more red powder was formed, Lavoisier noticed that about one-fifth of the air had been used up and that the remaining gas did not support life or burning. Lavoisier called this latter gas azote. He removed the red oxide of mercury carefully and heated it in a similar retort. He obtained exactly the same volume of gas as disappeared in the last experiment. He found that the gas caused flames to burn brilliantly, and small animals were active in it as Joseph Priestley had noticed in his experiment. Finally, on mixing the two types of gas, i.e. the gas left in the first experiment, and that given out in the second experiment, he got a mixture similar to air in all respects. In his experiments Lavoisier analysed air into two constituents: the one which supports life and combustion, and is one-fifth by volume of air he called oxygen, the other four-fifths which does not he called azote. This latter gas is now called nitrogen. From the two gases he synthesised something that has the characteristics of air.

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"We must trust to nothing but facts: These are presented to us by Nature, and cannot deceive. We ought, in every instance, to submit our reasoning to the test of experiment, and never to search for truth but by the natural road of experiment and observation."
Elements of Chemistry (1790), pp. xviii.

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~Antoine Lavoisier (26 August 1743 – 8 May 1794)

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Scottish social anthropologist and folklorist James George Frazer died in 1941.

He is best known for his influential work "The Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative Religion," which explores the similarities among magical and religious beliefs across diverse cultures. Frazer proposed that human belief progressed through three stages: primitive magic, replaced by religion, and finally replaced by science.

Books by James George Frazer at PG:
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Cover of "The Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative Religion" by James George Frazer, Volume II, from 1894, displaying title and author's name on a textured grey background.

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"The advance of knowledge is an infinite progression towards a goal that ever recedes."

Chapter 69, Farewell to Nemi. - The Golden Bough (1890)

~James George Frazer (January 1, 1854 – May 7, 1941)

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@evan You´re very welcome!

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Audible realities and phonic fantasies: The first major book on acoustics.

By Corinne Mona, Assistant Librarian at The Niels Bohr Library & Archives

Before there were walkie talkies, there was Athanasius Kircher. In 1673, Kircher published Phonurgia nova : sive Conjugium mechanico-physicum artis & naturae paranympha phonosophia concinnatum (1673), which is chock-full of inventive ways to transmit sound.

https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/ex-libris-universum/audible-realities-and-phonic-fantasies?utm_source=email%2CNBLA&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign%20=monthly_emails&dm_i=1ZJR,8M71P,4FGHXK,ZPUOX,1

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Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky was born in 1840.

Some of his most famous works include the ballets Swan Lake, The Nutcracker, & Sleeping Beauty; his operas such as Eugene Onegin & The Queen of Spades; & his symphonies, particularly the 4th, 5th, & the 6th, known as the "Pathétique". His "1812 Overture", written to commemorate Russia's defense against Napoleon's Grande Armée in 1812, is also incredibly popular.

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Book cover of "The Life & Letters of Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky" by Modeste Tchaikovsky, edited from the Russian with an introduction by Rosa Newmarch, illustrated edition published by John Lane Company in 1906, featuring white and red text blocks on a decorative dark floral background.

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"If that condition of mind and soul, which we call inspiration, lasted long without intermission, no artist could survive it. The strings would break and the instrument be shattered into fragments."

The Life and Letters of Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky

~Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (7 May 1840 – 6 November 1893)

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Bengali polymath Rabindranath Tagore was born in 1861.

Tagore wrote poetry, short stories, novels, and plays. He is best known for his poetry, and his collection "Gitanjali" is particularly renowned. This work earned him the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913. By way of translations, Tagore influenced Pablo Neruda, Gabriela Mistral, Octavio Paz, José Ortega y Gasset, Zenobia Camprubí, and Juan Ramón Jiménez.

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Title page of the 1913 Macmillan edition of Tagore's Gitanjali. Cover of the 1913 edition of "Gitanjali" by Rabindranath Tagore, published by Macmillan and Co., Ltd., featuring the title, author's name, and an introduction by W. B. Yeats.

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"Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high
Where knowledge is free
...
Where words come out from the depth of truth
Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection
Where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way
Into the dreary desert sand of dead habit
Where the mind is led forward by thee
Into ever-widening thought and action
Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake."

Gitanjali (1912)

Rabindranath Tagore

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English poet and playwright Robert Browning was born #OTD in 1812.

His early long poems Pauline and Paracelsus were acclaimed, but his reputation dwindled for a time – his 1840 poem Sordello was seen as wilfully obscure. By the death of Elizabeth Barrett in 1861 he had published the collection Men and Women. His Dramatis Personae and book-length epic poem The Ring and the Book made him a leading poet.

Books by Robert Browning at PG:
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#books #literature #poetry

Vintage book cover illustration showing a young girl in a yellow dress holding a white rabbit, with the title "The Pied Piper of Hamelin" and the series name "Every Boy's Library" displayed on the cover.

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"We're made so that we love
First when we see them painted, things we have passed
Perhaps a hundred times nor cared to see;
And so they are better, painted —better to us,
Which is the same thing. Art was given for that."

Fra Lippo Lippi (1855), l. 300

~Robert Browning (7 May 1812 – 12 December 1889)

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French playwright and political activist Olympe de Gouges was born in 1748.

She is best known for writing the "Déclaration des droits de la Femme et de la Citoyenne" in 1791, which she wrote as a response to the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen" of 1789. Her advocacy for her revolutionary ideas led to her arrest and she was eventually guillotined in 1793 during the Reign of Terror for her political activities.

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Book cover titled "Olympe de Gouges: Les Droits de la Femme" featuring a greyscale illustration of Olympe de Gouges with classical hairstyle and attire, and a quote in French at the bottom that translates to "Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights."

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"La Femme naît libre et demeure égale à l’homme en droits. Les distinctions sociales ne peuvent être fondées que sur l’utilité commune."

"Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights. Social distinctions can only be based on common utility."

Déclaration des droits de la femme et de la citoyenne, éd. autoédition, 1791, Article premier, p. 7.

~Olympe de Gouges (7 May 1748 – 3 November 1793)

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American naturalist, essayist, poet, and philosopher Henry David Thoreau died in 1862.

In addition to "Walden," Thoreau is well-known for his essay "Civil Disobedience," which was inspired by his 1846 arrest for refusing to pay poll taxes as a protest against slavery and the Mexican-American War. His political writings later influenced many political leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.

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Original title page of Walden, with an illustration from a drawing by Thoreau's sister Sophia. Title page of the book "Walden; or, Life in the Woods" by Henry D. Thoreau, featuring an illustration of a small cabin surrounded by trees. The page includes a quotation and the publication details, "Boston: Ticknor and Fields. MDCCCLIV (1854)."

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"Aim above morality. Be not simply good; be good for something."

Letter to Harrison Blake, March 27, 1848. As reported in: Familiar letters (Houghton Mifflin Company, 1906), p. 164

~Henry David Thoreau (12 July 1817 – 6 May 1862)

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in 1757.

English poet Christopher Smart is admitted into St Luke's Hospital for Lunatics in London, beginning his six-year confinement to mental asylums.

A "Commission of Lunacy" was taken out against Smart, and he was admitted to St Luke's Hospital for Lunatics as a "Curable Patient". It is possible that Smart was confined by John Newbery over old debts and a poor relationship between the two.

Books by Christopher Smart at PG:
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@albertcardona Thanks for sharing!

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in 1940.

John Steinbeck is awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his novel The Grapes of Wrath.

The book was first published in April 14, 1939. The book won the National Book Award & Pulitzer Prize for fiction, & it was cited prominently when Steinbeck was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1962. When preparing to write the novel, Steinbeck wrote: "I want to put a tag of shame on the greedy bastards who are responsible for this [the Great Depression and its effects]."

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Austrian Psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud was born in 1856.

He is considered the father of psychoanalysis. Freud's main contributions lie in his theories of the unconscious mind, the mechanisms of repression, and the role of sexuality in human psychology, which he discussed in major works like The Interpretation of Dreams, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, and Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality.

Books by Sigmund Freud at PG:
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Cover of the book "The Interpretation of Dreams" by Prof Sigmund Freud, I.L.D, displayed in gold lettering on a textured dark grey background.

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"In the development of mankind as a whole, just as in individuals, love alone acts as the civilizing factor in the sense that it brings a change from egoism to altruism."

Major Works (ed. 1952)

~Sigmund Freud (6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939)

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